WERE WE OUT OF OUR MINDS? NO, BUT THEN CAME SKUNK

When Rosie Boycott, the then editor of The Independent on Sunday,
launched her campaign for the decriminalisation of cannabis in 1997,
the decision caused a furore.

At the start of the campaign, Ms Boycott wrote: "Certainly, no one has
ever been disfigured by a joint. The truth is that most people I know
have smoked at some time or other in their lives. They hold down jobs,
bring up their families, run major companies, govern our country, and
yet... cannabis is still officially regarded as a dangerous drug."

Just a few months later, on Saturday 28 March 1998, thousands of
supporters gathered in Hyde Park. Ms Boycott was pictured pushing a
wheelchair-bound MS sufferer who used the drug to ease the symptoms of
his condition. The campaign had secured the support of celebrities
such as Sir Paul McCartney, Martin Amis, Harold Pinter, Nick Hornby,
Peter Gabriel and Anita Roddick. They were joined by scientists,
lawyers, academics, doctors and artists.

The following year the British Medical Association and the House of
Lords Scientific Committee both agreed that cannabis had medical
properties, and in 2004, the then Home Secretary David Blunkett
effectively relaxed the laws over cannabis by reclassifying it as a
class C drug.

When the IoS launched its campaign, the main focus of concern was over
drugs such as ecstasy. Although there had been those who had started
voicing concerns over cannabis use, a lack of scientific research
meant that the dangers went largely unheeded.

But with the growing number of studies being published linking skunk
cannabis to disorders such as psychosis and schizophrenia, the debate
has moved on. Although the actual numbers of people taking cannabis
seem to have levelled off, that still means more than 1.5 million
Britons have used the drug.

However, concern is increasing among experts about the mental health
risks, particularly in the case of teenage users who are smoking
home-grown skunk that they say has about as much relation to the
cannabis of years gone by as shandy does to brandy. As we report on
our front page, more than 10,000 teenagers needed treatment for
cannabis addiction last year.

In 2001, the Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs had already
concluded that there could be a link between cannabis use and the
onset of psychotic illnesses. Although conclusive evidence does not
exist, several studies have suggested that there may be a further
association between smoking cannabis in adolescence and mental illness
in later life.

Some of the most prominent supporters of the campaign are now
reassessing their stance. Professor Colin Blakemore, head of the
Medical Research Council, said: "Yes it is certainly true that there
is more evidence of the link between heavy cannabis use and cases of
psychosis in certain vulnerable individuals, particularly younger
people, than there was 10 years ago. I am not sure that the
legalisation of one iconic drug like cannabis is necessarily the way
forward. We should instead focus our attention on overhauling the
whole classification system.

"The link between cannabis and psychosis is quite clear now; it wasn't
10 years ago. When discussing drugs you have to have special concern
for young people."

Paul Flynn MP, another of the original supporters of the campaign,
said: "My view is exactly the same. Prohibition doesn't work. It's
much worse to have the market controlled by dangerous criminals than
for it to be properly controlled."

Others are not so sure. Professor Nick Heather of Northumbria
University said: "I would not have the confidence to join a campaign
such as that now."

Some, such as Carmen Calill, author and founder of Virago Press, are
now opposed to legalisation. "I wish people wouldn't do it, but I
don't want to stop them. I do want to stop politicians having anything
to do with it, though, so on balance I am now against its
legalisation," she said.

But Caroline Coon, artist and founder of Release, said: "The
prohibition of drugs like marijuana is immoral in principle and
unworkable in practice. Precisely because drugs can be dangerous, they
should be licensed and controlled and brought within the law."

The Drug Receptors

Cannabinoids act on a specific protein receptor in the brain,
interfering with concentration, memory and pain perception

The Pleasure Zone

Tetrahydrocannabinols (THC), the active constituent of cannabis. THCs
can pass across the biological barrier that separates the brain from
the bloodstream, and in doing so penetrate the central nervous system.
Here, they act on the natural proteins or receptors that control nerve
impulses passed from one part of the brain to another

The Body Map

Brain: short-term memory loss; increased risk of psychosis or schizophrenia

Lungs: increased risk of lung cancer

Heart: raised pulse rate puts pressure on heart

Liver: lower blood pressure can affect internal organs

What We Said Then - and What We Know Now

Today, The Independent on Sunday calls for the personal use of
cannabis to be decriminalised. The paper's campaign will continue
until the law is changed and possession of marijuana for personal use
is no longer an offence

'IoS' leader 1997

The time has come to reverse one of the positions with which this
newspaper was identified. The more the facts can be driven home about
the differences between old-style hash and modern skunk, and the risks
to mental health, the better

'IoS' leader Today