Special Report: Coca Growers Defy Efforts To Kill Crops

ORITO, COLOMBIA -- Arriving in tandem and trailing a fine white mist on a
clear morning, the crop dusters and military helicopters made about a dozen
swooping passes over Gilma Ortiz's small mountain of coca.

The Andean shrub - whose oval leaves provide the raw ingredient for cocaine
- - covers her five-acre farm in neat rows running right to her porch and
continuing up the slope behind her sagging wooden house.

During the next few weeks, the 3-foot-high shrubs will grow brittle from
exposure to the chemical spray. The lime-green coca leaves will yellow and
curl. The Ortiz family will lose several hundred dollars and, for a while,
a few acres less fewer acres will be adding to the tons of cocaine produced
by the southern Colombia state of Putumayo each year.

"What can you do?" said Ortiz, 48, as she surveyed plants stained and
sticky with the herbicide glyphosate. "We'll either sell out and move on,
or plant more. I just don't know right now."

The same dilemma confronts thousands of other poor farmers in this remote
province on the frontlines of the war on drugs in Latin America.

For a little more than a year, a U.S.-backed effort known as Plan Colombia
has been attempting to drive campesinos off the illicit crop through a
pay-or-spray strategy - offering substitute food, crops and tools for their
agreements to rip up their coca plants.

Under the $7.5 billion Plan Colombia - which includes $1.3 billion from the
U.S. government - each family is given 2 million pesos (about $900) worth
of goods after it signs a contract agreeing to stop growing coca. They can
choose among cattle - usually one or two head - chickens, seeds and
fertilizer. After receiving the assistance, they have six months to stop
growing coca or risk being sprayed.

If farmers don't sign onto the plan, their fields are sprayed with
chemicals containing the weed killer Roundup. The fumigation has angered
farmers here and prompted criticism from European allies. Meanwhile,
Colombia and the United States have produced wildly different estimates
over how much of the coca crop has been eradicated.

But simply letting coca grow in Putumayo might no longer be an alternative.
If it has brought money to poor farmers, cocaine also has become the
currency of Colombia's conflict. The coca leaf earns huge sums of money for
rebel armies on both ends of the political spectrum.

That cash - estimated at hundreds of millions of dollars each year for
irregular armies totaling only 35,000 soldiers - has skewed a decades- old
war, allowing guerrillas to buy sophisticated arms while terrorizing small
towns and rural states. In Putumayo alone, scores of local leaders,
development workers and farmers have been kidnapped and killed because of
the dangerous mix of politics, narcotics and crime.

Caught In The Middle

Colombia says spraying is working, citing figures that show coca
cultivation decreased last year for the first time on record. Between
August 2000 and November 2001, acreage dropped 16.8 percent, from 403,487
acres to 357,818, the country's Justice Ministry estimated. But their
numbers also show that four-fifths of the acreage that was sprayed has been
replanted with coca.

U.S. officials say Colombia's coca acreage has actually increased -
although at a slower rate than in previous years - even as trafficking
organizations move back into previously eradicated zones in Peru and Bolivia.

Caught in the middle are the peasant farmers of this lawless region, who
say the spraying is sickening families and killing acres of crops such as
rice, plantains and potatoes.

Many replant coca after the spraying. Others hack their way farther into
the jungle to avoid the planes. What little has been paid in subsidies to
replace their illicit crops is often late in arriving and isn't nearly
enough to dismantle a coca-based economy that's as much a part of life here
as tobacco in North Carolina or tourism in Florida.

"The coca produces jobs, it raises the standard of living," said Miguel
Alirio Rosero, the mayor of Orito, a town of 45,000 people. "People can
eat. They can buy land. They can educate their children. Even with coca, we
have serious problems with poverty here.

"Now with the fumigation, we're seeing displaced people showing up in town
looking for work and food," said Rosero. "This was a plan devised in Bogota
and Washington, and I don't think they understand how fragile the system is
here. Coca dominates everything."

And Putumayo dominates coca. This Massachusetts-size state produces almost
half the coca grown in Colombia, which accounts for 80 percent of the
world's supply of cocaine. Thus, on only 140,000 acres are concentrated the
very roots of a multibillion-dollar global narcotics industry. Most of that
consists of small family farms averaging about five acres.

"You can grow yuca, rice, something else here, but you're not able to sell
it - you're just going to have to eat it," said Ortiz, walking in bare feet
among her damaged crops. "You smell that? I feel like I have a hangover
from the fumigation, but I'm not sure if it's really the spray or all the
money I'm going to lose."

A Four-Front Civil War

The spraying, which began in December 2000, is only one element of Plan
Colombia's three-pronged approach to drug eradication.

The Colombian government has put counter-narcotics troops into the region's
major towns to interdict shipments of coca paste and to destroy the
laboratories that turn the leaves into paste. To help win over farmers, the
government also has promised to develop roads, ports and other
infrastructure to help farmers get their produce to better- paying markets.

But it's an open question whether that can be accomplished with the
government fighting a four-front civil war that has escalated during the
past month. With much of the countryside out of government control, the
often-brutal bands of guerrillas and paramilitaries are the main arbiters
of the coca trade. Chief among them is the Revolutionary Armed Forces of
Colombia, or FARC, a 17,000-man Marxist guerrilla army that makes up to
$500 million a year with "taxes" on all aspects of the narcotics business.

Until the Colombian government can mount education, welfare and other
development projects, experts say, the country's peasant farmers will spurn
lesser-paying crops such as rice, potatoes and coffee to grow coca and
opium poppies, the raw ingredient for heroin.

Putumayo is Exhibit A in this argument. Coca has less than two decades'
history in the region but now dwarfs all other crop production.

Beginning in the 1980s, when the Colombian drug cartels began their climb
to power, peasants first came here as pickers, known as raspachins. After
earning enough money to buy land, they began to raise coca.

"I moved here because the money was just so bad where I'm from," said Jairo
Munoz Parro, a former coffee picker who came to Putumayo three years ago
and acquired bit by bit an eight-acre spread next to Ortiz's farm.

His house lacks electricity and running water, and his daughter walks 30
minutes to school each day. But it's a better life than he had before, he
says. "I was thinking of growing yuca before they sprayed, but you know,
you have to go find a loan for that, and it's not easy to get one," said
Parro, whose farm was also sprayed. Loans from other farmers, guerrillas or
paramilitaries are easy to get for coca, but the plants are so plentiful
that they're essentially free.

In the early 1990s, when eradication programs and a fungus crippled coca
production in Bolivia and Peru, the cartels moved production to Colombia.
With the downfall of the Medellin and Cali cartels, the drug trade was
atomized into dozens of small groups that formed links with rebel and
paramilitary armies.

The result is a classic agriculture industry composed of itinerant
laborers, small-time farmers, drug labs and cocinas, or kitchens, that
refine the coca paste before it's shipped to the United States.

"The people who move to Putumayo move there for one reason and one reason
only: to grow coca," said Gabriel Marcella, an expert on Colombia at the
U.S. Army War College. "The notion that these are some type of yeoman
Jeffersonian citizen-farmers is ridiculous. The task for the government is
to develop the rest of the country, as well as build up the army, to the
point where there are alternatives to coca."

Few Alternatives

Colombian and U.S. officials concede that is not happening. Despite
government statistics that suggest coca production has been curtailed
during the past year, authorities acknowledge that as soon as the fields
are fumigated, farmers quickly cut the coca shrubs down to the roots to
stave off the herbicide's effects. Fields of seedlings, often covered by
plastic tarps to protect them from the herbicide, are easy to see all
around Putumayo.

"That is why it is necessary to spray and to continue to spray in order to
make clear that the government's policy is that coca cultivation is
unacceptable," said Rand Beers, assistant secretary of state for
international narcotics and law enforcement affairs.

But a recent report by the General Accounting Office, the investigative arm
of Congress, concluded that the United States should stop financing
alternative crops until they can show results. The report says the rebels
control much of the coca-growing area, hampering government aid. It also
suggested that the poor conditions and lack of development in Putumayo and
other regions offer few realistic alternatives to coca.

Farmers here agree, pointing to previous schemes that were crippled by
waste and fraud. Many referred to a defunct farm-support agency that bought
up the area's rice only to let it rot because it had no means to ship it
out of the province.

A recurring complaint is the failure of the central government to share
resources with poor states like Putumayo.

"The real problem here is trade - we simply lack the means to move produce
out of the region because we don't have good roads, highways, places to
store and ship produce," said Julio Tito Becerra, head of a farmers' group,
who grows coca on his 60-acre farm.

Even with the aid, there is little economic incentive to plant other crops.

After paying for fertilizer and farmhands, a farmer with five acres of coca
can make a profit of about $600 a harvest, or with four harvests a year,
$2,400, said Hernando Londono, a former picker who now farms more than 800
acres. He's lucky if he can earn half that amount by growing rice.

And the coca farmer doesn't have to worry about transportation costs. With
coca, the buyer comes right to the door, be it a rebel soldier or a drug
cartel middleman.

Even so, about 35,000 families have signed contracts, agreeing to destroy
91,000 acres of coca, but only a fraction of them have received assistance.
Farmers say that they haven't received any money, but the spraying has
already commenced.

Eating Eggs

At Cana Brava, near Puerto Asis, Juan Nicolas Raba complains that the crop
dusters destroyed his yuca and plantains along with a nearby field of coca.
Like many here, Raba appeared to be confused about the contract he signed
to eradicate coca. He thought he could continue growing it for a year
before any spraying began.

"They're spraying house, animals, people - things that are nowhere near the
coca," said Raba. "All for what - so the United States doesn't get cocaine?
Nobody uses cocaine here - they can't afford it.

"Where are the roads, the schools, the things we need? All we get in return
are some chickens and a cow," he laughed, shaking his head.

"The last time the government handed out chickens we had all of these eggs
and no one to sell them to. We all sat around eating eggs for a month."