GANG BLOODSHED SURGING IN SOME U.S. CITIES

With law enforcement focused on terrorism,
gang-related bloodshed on America's streets is rising to levels not
seen since the mid-1990s, when the crack epidemic was still raging,
authorities say.

Homicides are up sharply this year in cities such as Los Angeles,
Oakland, Calif., and Little Rock, Ark., a surge attributed largely to
gang members killing each other or those caught in the crossfire.

"We had a stranglehold on it and we allowed them to breathe. We
relaxed our grip and now they're back," said Wes McBride, president
of the California Gang Investigators Association. The now-retired
McBride spent 28 years on gang detail with the Los Angeles County
Sheriff's Department.

Other major cities, including Philadelphia, New York and Miami, are
seeing a decline or little change in homicides this year. And
bloodshed in the cities with rising death tolls is still considerably
lower than it was during the very peak of the crack trade in the early
1990s.

But many fear the cycle is only beginning.

"It's too easy given today's terrorism and other security issues to
ignore a continuing problem in places like Los Angeles, but it could
become worse than it's been in the last six years," said John Moore,
director of the Tallahassee, Fla.-based National Youth Gang Center.
"It's gotten more violent and more intense."

Many cities had record homicide numbers in the early 1990s, then saw a
dramatic decline over the second half of the decade, credited in part
to police pressure on gangs, the strong economy and a waning crack
trade.

The resurgence over the past two years is being blamed on a number of
factors, including the weak economy and gang members getting out of
prison. Also, law enforcement has been devoting more attention to
terrorism and some police departments let down their guard against
gangs because the problem seemed under control.

"All of these big cities had gang units but abolished them as if to
say the gang problem went away," said George Knox, director of the
National Gang Crime Research Center in Peotone, Ill. "We definitely
left a lot of hotspots out there." Trouble spots:

Los Angeles had the nation's highest death toll as of Dec. 1, with 617
homicides. The last time the city had that many slayings was in 1996,
when the year-end total was 707.

Oakland, Calif., had 102 homicides as of Dec. 1. The city had not
broken the 100 mark for homicides since 1997, when there were 111.

Little Rock had 42 homicides as of Dec. 1, the highest 11-month total
since 1995. And through the first 10 months of this year, there were
119 homicides in Atlanta - on pace to surpass the 134 homicides in
2000 that marked the lowest level since 1966.

In Atlanta, 51 reputed members of five gangs were charged with
racketeering in federal indictments unsealed last week. They were also
accused of murder, robbery, kidnapping and drug trafficking.

"What's going on now is the job market is much tighter, so there's
less opportunity for people who are coming out of their teenage years
to move into jobs," said Alfred Blumstein, a Carnegie Mellon
University professor and director of the National Consortium on
Violence Research.

"And there's a greater anxiety, partly because of the economy, partly
because of terrorism, and there may be a resurgence in drug markets
that may be fueling violence."

Blumstein said some of the violence is attributable to gang members
who were convicted a decade ago and are just now getting out of prison
and trying to reclaim their positions in the drug trade.

Among other major cities, Chicago recorded 580 homicides by Dec. 1,
slightly behind last's year pace. It had 666 homicides in 2001, most
in the nation.

Miami had 60 homicides by Dec. 1, the same as last year. Philadelphia
recorded 271, a drop from 285 during the same period last year. New
York had 536 homicides through Saturday - down 12.4 percent from the
same period last year.

"In New York, there has been for a decade now a police department
that is very focused on what's going on on the streets," said David
Kennedy of Harvard University's John F. Kennedy School of Government.
"The one thing they are not doing is resting on their laurels."

Despite an increase in gang violence this year in Minnesota, police
departments in Minneapolis and St. Paul are pulling officers from the
state gang task force because of budget cuts. Chicago has done away
with its gang unit, though authorities there say they have simply
decentralized the detail.

Little Rock's unit, credited with reducing gang-related crime after
the city hit a record high of 76 homicides in 1993, has been cut to
just one officer, who draws assistance as needed from other divisions.

"That is our biggest fear, that the stuff going on in L.A. now will
eventually get to Little Rock," said Detective Todd Hurd, Little
Rock's only gang intelligence officer.