LINKS BETWEEN PRISON AND AIDS AFFECTING BLACKS INSIDE AND OUT

RALEIGH, N.C. - Fiddling with a cigarette, Louise, a straight-talking
23-year-old who has been living with H.I.V. for four years, grimaced as she
discussed life in the black neighborhood of her small town, a sleepy
outpost east of the state capital.

The only jobs, she said, were generally at fast-food places, farms or
factories. Entertainment consisted of hanging out on the street corner or
at the strip mall. And as for men, she said, with an air of resignation,
"They've either been in prison, they're married or they're gay."

It never seemed unusual, said Louise, who asked that her last name be
withheld because some people close to her are unaware of her H.I.V. status,
that nearly all the men she had been involved with - including the one who
passed the virus on to her - had been in prison.

"In a grocery store you have a big selection of meat laid out in front of
you, and you can chose which grade you want," she said. But in her town,
she added, "you don't have that choice. There is no way to really decide
the good from the bad. It's all what you decide you can deal with."

As health specialists continue to grapple with global challenges to
combating AIDS, Louise, a black woman living in the South, infected through
heterosexual sex, represents the continuing struggle with the epidemic in
the United States. Her story also illuminates a complex domestic issue: the
link between high rates of imprisonment among African-Americans and high
rates of H.I.V. and AIDS.

While many studies have documented the prevalence of the disease in
prisons, researchers are now examining how patterns of incarceration affect
its transmission beyond prison walls.

The health consequences cut across lines of class, said Dr. Peter Leone,
medical director of the H.I.V. and sexually transmitted disease division of
the North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services. "You're not
even looking at six degrees of separation in most black social networks
between a disenfranchised former inmate and someone who is in college or
highly respected in the community," he said.

Researchers say high incarceration rates increase risk behaviors associated
with H.I.V. by skewing the ratio of women to men, worsening economic
conditions and increasing the social capital of men who are not imprisoned.

"H.I.V. is an opportunistic disease that thrives on disruptions of social
networks," said Dr. David Wohl, an infectious disease specialist at the
University of North Carolina, where several studies on the subject are
under way. "You can hardly get more socially disruptive than removing
double-digit percentages of men from communities for extended periods of time."

Blacks now account for more than half of all new H.I.V. infections,
according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Black women
account for 72 percent of all new cases among women. During the decades
that the AIDS epidemic has spread, the number of people incarcerated has
also soared, to nearly 2.1 million, according to the Bureau of Justice
Statistics. Of that total, more than 40 percent are black.

As the number of people living with H.I.V. increases, and with roughly
600,000 prisoners re-entering society each year, researchers are starting
to address the two issues as intertwined epidemics requiring combined
prevention and treatment strategies.

In North Carolina, African-Americans make up more than 70 percent of all
existing H.I.V. and AIDS cases, and about 60 percent of the state's roughly
35,000 prisoners. James Thomas, a University of North Carolina
epidemiologist conducting a county-by-county study of the data, found "a
robust correlation" between incarceration rates and the rates of H.I.V. and
other sexually transmitted diseases.

Doctors and social workers in the state say prison, either directly or
indirectly, affects many of their H.I.V. patients. An infected woman near
Chapel Hill, for example, suspected her boyfriend of having sex with men in
prison and after he got out, but could never bring herself to ask him about
it. Mary, a former nurse from Charlotte, ignored her husband's infidelities
because so few men were available.

"I had the whole world in front of me, living fine, until this blow came,"
said Mary, 50, who asked that her last name be withheld to protect her
grandchildren, whom she is raising.

Louise's Story

For Louise, who grew up in Wake County, in a rural town of 4,000 where
blacks are clustered on the poorer south side, H.I.V. has quietly joined
poverty, drugs and prison stints as part of the tattered fabric of daily life.

The oldest of four siblings in a family that struggled to make ends meet on
her father's factory wages, Louise became sexually active at 13. Nice homes
and good jobs seemed reserved for whites on the other side of town. The
dead-end jobs where most blacks ended up made school seem irrelevant. Sex,
she said, was an easy way to pass time, and a drug dealer's ready supply of
cash outweighed whether he had come from - or might soon go to - prison or
jail.

"Most of the guys I dealt with had a drug charge at some time," she said.
"I remember this one guy, I saw the gold in his mouth and I thought,
'Ching, ching. He can give me what I want.' But then I was also thinking,
'Is this really what I want?' "

She was dumbfounded, she said, when a blood test she took as part of a
gynecological exam when she was 19 showed she was H.I.V. positive. She
never found out how or where the former prisoner who infected her had
picked up the virus, though she assumed it was from sex because she never
saw him use intravenous drugs.

"When you think about the things that might happen, you think as long as
you don't have a baby you're O.K.," Louise said. "You think about the guy
you're dating, how he might violate probation and go to jail again and
you'll be alone. But you never think that he could have this disease. You
never think about that."

After Prison

Many inmates enter prison already infected. The prevalence of confirmed
AIDS cases in prisons is three times as high as it is in the general
population, according to the Bureau of Justice Statistics. H.I.V. cases are
harder to count, because only 19 states conduct mandatory H.I.V. testing of
inmates. But many researchers believe the number of prisoners with H.I.V.
to be far higher than the 1.9 percent most recently documented by the
justice agency.

Correctional health experts say the rampant sexual activity among prisoners
depicted in television shows like the HBO prison series "Oz" is
exaggerated. But sex in prison certainly occurs. And because the
distribution of condoms is banned in most correctional facilities - North
Carolina's state prison system included - any sex between inmates carries a
high level of risk.

Add the element of drug addiction, which often goes untreated in prisons
and is frequently accompanied by risky sexual activity, said Robert E.
Fullilove, associate dean at the Mailman School of Public Health at
Columbia University, and the risk of H.I.V. transmission both inside and
outside prison increases exponentially.

"The war on drugs took the group that was at greatest risk for H.I.V.
infection and made sure that they would be locked up, without ever
considering what to do when they got out," Mr. Fullilove said.

Newly released prisoners often plunge immediately into dangerous sexual
behavior. "Many inmates who have been locked up for a while want two things
when they come out," said Dr. Wohl, who regularly sees current and former
inmates in his clinical practice. "One of them is a Big Mac. The other is
sex. If you're going to get to them with condoms or health messages, you
have to be quick."

Thomas Clodfelter, 44, a former felon with H.I.V. who now counsels other
ex-convicts in Greensboro, said that for some men, the first weekend after
release is consumed with sex - with prostitutes, old flings, fresh
one-night stands or a combination thereof. Condoms, he said, are often an
afterthought.

Mr. Clodfelter, who was infected through heterosexual sex and who served
four prison terms for offenses including drug possession, robbery and a
shooting, said people were quick to blame men for spreading the virus. But
in neighborhoods where self-esteem runs low and desperation high, he said,
women often pursue risky sex as aggressively as men.

"A lot of women, they are looking for a man to give them a sense of
strength, a sense of authority," he said. "Men come out of prison, they're
all big, got muscles, looking good. And the women, they're all up on them.
It's not like people don't know they are putting themselves at risk. They
just don't care."

Such obvious risks, Mr. Clodfelter and others say, are compounded by the
difficulty many felons have in re-entering society - hurdles that often
push them back into dangerous social and sexual behavior.

William's Story

Sitting recently in a tidy one-bedroom apartment in the city of High Point,
William, a two-time inmate with AIDS, looked troubled. On his coffee table,
next to a cousin's kindergarten graduation picture and a book titled "Foods
That Heal," were two letters bearing bad news.

One was from the Social Security Administration, informing him that
although he had AIDS, he did not qualify for financial benefits. The other
was from the Guilford County Department of Social Services, explaining that
because he had been denied Social Security, he was ineligible for Medicaid,
a benefit he needed to pay for his twice-daily regimen of five AIDS
medications. The side effects of those same drugs, he said, made it
difficult to work the physically demanding jobs he was qualified for with
only an eighth-grade education.

William, 36, who asked that his last name be withheld to protect his
identity as he looked for a job, had also applied for help from the
federally financed AIDS Drug Assistance Program. But the waiting list in
North Carolina includes more than 800 people, the longest in the country.

"I guess you got to be half dead for them to start giving you some money,"
he said, looking down at the bureaucratic hurdles spelled out before him. "
If I didn't have a place to stay, I'd probably resort to crime again."

Sharon Lipscomb, William's case manager, said his challenges were not
unique. As a director of services in High Point for the Triad Health
Project, an AIDS service organization, she has 65 to 100 clients at a time
struggling with issues like housing, mental illness and myriad chronic
diseases. William, she said, was among the more motivated, having
aggressively sought medical and social support upon his release.

When he first agreed, more than two months ago, to talk to a reporter about
his reintegration into society, the former inmate was upbeat. But in
subsequent weeks, after a series of disappointments, he grew increasingly
pessimistic and destructive.

A gay man who had mused in an early interview about "finding a serious
woman" to appease his Pentecostal family, William had recently begun to
move through precarious sexual relationships. There was a 26-year-old man
from a neighboring town whom he met on a telephone chat line and a
19-year-old man from Georgia who hurt his feelings by moving in with
another man.

William said he had used condoms with both men. But he admitted, with a
measure of guilt, that he had stopped taking his medications because the
side effects were too much to deal with along with all of his other struggles.

Mr. Clodfelter said hard-luck stories like William's often turn ugly fast.
"People head back to their same old playgrounds - drugs, hustling,
whatever," he said. "And soon the cycle starts itself all over again."

Looking for Solutions

The link between former inmates like William and women like Louise is not
that distant, experts say. "It doesn't matter whether you're straight or
gay, poor or middle class," Ms. Lipscomb said. "In black communities the
networks are very close. A man he's having sex with may have a wife or a
girlfriend, who would rather not know what's going on. What happens to him
has an effect on what happens to a lot of people."

Dr. Adaora A. Adimora, an infectious disease specialist and epidemiologist
at the University of North Carolina medical school, found that high levels
of incarceration even decrease monogamy between women and men who have
never been in prison, because the men left behind are in high demand.

That is especially true, Louise said, if the man is a "roller - someone to
pay your bills, take you out to eat, take you shopping." If he's a real
roller, she said, "it's almost a given he's got a chick on the side. You're
not really his woman. It's more like rental property. It's all temporary."

She talked disapprovingly of three women she recently saw riding in a car
together who were knowingly sharing the same man. "He's got money, so they
don't talk about it and act like they don't care," she said. "They're not
looking at how stupid they look."

Researchers trying to prevent the spread of H.I.V. are urging strategies
that connect education and treatment among three groups of people: inmates,
those recently released, and those in the social networks through which
they move.

The University of North Carolina has a contract with the state's
corrections department to operate weekday medical clinics in three of the
state's 77 prisons. Every Wednesday a university-based team of physicians,
nurses, social scientists and health policy professionals called the Prison
Working Group meets over pizza to discuss their research.

Pre-release planning for H.I.V.-infected inmates varies from state to
state. In North Carolina, infected inmates get counseling, a 30-day supply
of medications, a prescription for 30 more days and contact information for
health service organizations before they are released.

In a new project, case managers from the university group will begin
accompanying patients to their first medical and social service
appointments outside prison, overseeing their progress for six months after
release.

More difficult than experimenting with new treatment approaches, members of
the group say, is stripping away the stigma that still shrouds much
discussion of H.I.V. among blacks in the South.

As with William, Louise's infection is mostly unacknowledged in her family.
When a male relative died recently of AIDS, she said, his illness was
generally referred to within the family as sickle cell anemia.

It is not uncommon, several doctors said, for patients, especially women,
to seek treatment in another city or county because of shame. Mary, the
nurse from Charlotte who was infected by her husband, said she drove to
Atlanta for two years to seek treatment to keep people close to her from
finding out she had contracted the disease.

Reluctant at first, Louise said she eventually came to view her
conversations with a reporter "as testimony, so people will start to be
honest." Now in what she termed a secure relationship, she said she viewed
the compromises she once made as "plain stupid." Had she not become
infected, she said, "there's no telling where I'd be now, but it sure
wouldn't have been nowhere good."

With a full-time job as a security guard, she is hoping to save enough
money to pay for cosmetology school. Her current boyfriend was briefly in
jail, but he has a good job in construction and a house, which they share.
He knows she is H.I.V. positive, she said, and he is very supportive.

After a moment of hesitation, Louise admitted that they do not always use
protection.

"He says if he gets infected he'll just deal with it," she said with a
shrug of her shoulders and a raised eyebrow that hinted at disbelief.