MEMORY IS DAMAGED BY ECSTASY

The first evidence has emerged of long-term memory damage caused by , the
drug taken by thousands of young people at rave clubs across Britain.

A study of Ecstasy users in the United States found that they suffered
significant memory loss several weeks after they stopped taking the drug.

"Our study shows Ecstasy can be associated with memory damage," said Karen
Bolla, associate professor of neurology at Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical
Centre in Baltimore.

"The main message is that heavy use of Ecstasy can affect memory and these
effects can persist after it has left the body," Dr Bolla said.

The scientists compared 24 Ecstasy users with a group of youngsters who had
never taken the drug and found that the users suffered a significantly
impaired ability to recall what they had seen or heard.

Those who took part had to be drug free for at least two weeks before being
tested to ensure that withdrawal symptoms did not affect the results, which
are to be published in the journal Neurology.

George Ricaurte, another member of the Johns Hopkins team, said all types of
memory were affected. "Tests show that heavy Ecstasy users have damage to
their visual and verbal memory," he said.

Visual memory allows a person to recall objects they had seen earlier and
verbal memory is the ability to remember information read aloud.

"Men were affected more than women, which may be due to differences in the
way the brain works in the two sexes or because of hormonal influences, such
as oestrogen having a protective influence," Professor Bolla said.

The study linked heavy Ecstasy use with a fall in serotonin levels, a
crucial chemical messenger in the brain. Professor Bolla said they defined
heavy users as those who took more than one Ecstasy pill a week.

An analysis of the cerebral spinal fluid of users showed that Ecstasy can
damage the nerve cells in the brain that produce serotonin, which regulates
memory as well as mood, appetite perception, pain, sexual activity and
sleep, Professor Bolla said.

Ecstasy, the common name for the chemical MDMA, is structurally similar to
mescaline, a natural hallucinogenic drug, and amphetamine, which acts as a
stimulant.

People who take Ecstasy say they experience euphoria and happiness but the
drug is also associated with feelings of lethargy and depression. It has
been linked with a number of deaths in otherwise healthy young people.

A recent survey found that 13 per cent of university students had taken
Ecstasy, which first became popular on the clubbing scene in 1989.

Professor Andy Parrott, head of psychology at the University of East London,
told a conference in London earlier this month that the more the drug is
studied, the more problems are uncovered.

"The strands of evidence we can pull together suggest that MDMA may indeed
be neurotoxic for humans. What we don't yet know is how long-term those
problem are," he said.

Checked-by: Don Beck