COCA KILLER

A Bioweapon May Be Unleashed In Colombia's Fields

THE latest weapon in the war against drugs may soon be spread on the coca
fields of Colombia. The UN International Drug Control Programme is
negotiating with the government of Colombia to conduct open field trials of
a strain of the fungus Fusarium oxysporum that attacks coca plants, the
source of cocaine.

The funding, about $23 million, would come from the US and the UN. But
activists say the fungus could damage the environment and harm Colombia's
economy.

Fusarium species are common in many parts of the world. Different strains
attack different plant root systems, causing a variety of diseases in
crops. The coca- attacking strain was discovered at a US government
research station in Hawaii after it infected an experimental coca plot. "I
think there's a good possibility it will work. But it's never been
field-tested outside of Hawaii," says Bryan Bailey, a plant pathologist
with the US Department of Agriculture in Beltsville, Maryland, who has
worked with the fungus.

Governments in Colombia and other drug-producing countries such as Peru and
Bolivia already use chemical herbicides to kill coca plants, but the
farmers simply move to different areas and plant new crops. The US
government is pushing this latest effort because fungi such as Fusarium
should rapidly become endemic across a wide area once applied and can
survive in the soil for years.

But last year plans to use a similar fungus to kill marijuana plants in
Florida raised a storm of protest from environmentalists. They pointed out
that the fungus might attack other plants besides their targets. "The main
concern is that this is introducing yet another agent in the forced
eradication programme that has done enough damage already. It will lead to
more deforestation and more migration, displacing people even deeper into
the Amazon," says Martin Jelsma of the Transnational Institute, the
Amsterdam-based think tank that released a draft copy of the UN-Colombia
research agreement.

The aim of the trials is to make sure the fungus affects only coca plants
and to find an easy way to manufacture and distribute it, such as coating
grains of rice which are spread from a plane. A State Department official,
who asked to remain anonymous, says the Colombian government is still
considering the agreement.

Bailey says it is likely that the fungus will attack only coca plants.
Tests in greenhouses showed that 50 related plants were not infected by the
fungus. But environmentalists fear that massive applications of the fungus
could do other damage.

According to Jeremy Bigwood, the Washington-based journalist who broke the
news of the agreement, coca farmers in Peru claim that a Fusarium outbreak
there recently damaged coca plants and spread to food crops. But Bailey
says investigators who looked into the reports found that the food crops
were not infected with Fusarium after all.