AMERICA'S 21ST-CENTURY GULAG

In taking the measure of the European conquest of the New World, when so
many indigenous people were eliminated by sword, gunfire, and disease, we
note that the invading Europeans did not practice human sacrifice. The
Aztecs, for all their high-culture accomplishments, routinely offered up
live human beings to appease their gods. The cult was so brutal that the
conquistadors, by comparison, could think of themselves as a civilizing
force.

By extension, ever since, we descendants of conquistadors have felt certain
of our moral superiority. Yet in recent years, the high-culture United
States has embraced the extreme form of a primitive cult by which a few are
scapegoated for the sake of the many. Human sacrifice, modern American
style, is the revivified cult of capital punishment, ritual killing carried
out in the magical belief that society, as a result, will be safer and more
just. But human sacrifice has also come to describe the entire American
approach to the maintenance of social order. What else could it mean that
the staggering number of 2 million people are imprisoned in this country?
This is so even though many represent no physical threat to others and many
are innocent. If the mortal pressures of death row are leading to the
repeated discovery that murder convictions are all too easily obtained
against those who are not guilty, that finding applies across the entire
spectrum of prosecution, meaning tens of thousands of innocent people are
wrongly inprison.

When other recent news events demonstrate, say, that the antiblack prejudice
of many white police officers is so ingrained that not even black police
officers are safe from it, or that law students in Illinois can solve
mysteries that had baffled procedure-bound lawyers and judges, or that the
inclination of federal agents to twist the law to their own purposes can
make those agents silent partners to murder, how can worried citizens not
ask fundamental questions about a judicial system administered by those same
bigoted police, corrupted agents, and constrained judges? At the mercy of
"corrections departments " that have abandoned correction in favor of
revenge, a new sacrificial class of human beings is now offered up to a god
who will devour anyone, guilty or not. Last week the scandal of innocents on
death row prompted Governor George Ryan of Illinois to suspend executions,
but that scandal is just the tip of the iceberg, with most of the problem
still invisible to most politicians. George W. Bush's callousness about the
people he executes is old hat by now, but Ryan's announcement was marked,
only a few days later, by Illinois native Hillary Clinton, who, in an
interview prior to jumping into New York's Senate race, as a New York Times
report put it, "went out of her way to note her support for the death
penalty. "

Not only people on death row have been tied to this altar. As death penalty
survivor Paris Carriger said in Boston last week, "We're getting this huge
hole in our society, a hole made up of people who don't fit anymore. Not
just the ones in prison, but their children and parents and nieces and
nephews who know now that this society isn't for them. " What is 2 million
multiplied by the people who love those 2 million? Such a question forces
another: What else is going on here? In the Soviet Union, criminals and
dissidents were condemned to the Gulag, but we see how that massive camp
system served an unconscious purpose in a deeply troubled culture. Onto
those outcasts a fiercely repressed people projected everything they
secretly hated about the inhuman regime all were living under. Instead of
attacking the regime, they attacked its misfits. Thus, the Gulag, that "huge
hole " in Soviet society, was a Soviet form of human sacrifice. It was
simultaneously the Soviet abyss and the epiphany of Soviet evil.

It is not necessary to equate the Soviet Union and the United States to see
that the unprecedented American prison system is equally an epiphany of
something deeply wrong. Human sacrifice indeed. Most prisoners are guilty as
charged, but what of the many who, years later, are ill, elderly, or
mentally unbalanced? What of the nonviolent young? What of the overwhelming
disproportion of black and brown among inmate populations? And all of this
for what? Prisons built to prevent crime train criminals. Prisons built to
make society safe make society cruel. A social order built on vengeful
punishment makes violence a social norm. Then why have prisons mushroomed
so, and why is the nation's thirst for the blood of the executed so
unslaked? We are using convicts for a psychological purpose which, if we
acknowledged it, would shame us. We have adopted the Aztec intuition as our
own, but with a difference. When, out of irrational anxieties about a world
they neither understood nor controlled, the Aztecs led sacrificial victims
to their fates, they called it worship. We do the same and call it justice.

James Carroll's column appears regularly in the Globe.