DRUG WARS: KOSOVO'S NEW BATTLE

Kosovo Albanians Control 40% Of Europe's Heroin. If They Now Return Home,
There Is Little The UN Can Do

PRISTINA, Yugoslavia - Kosovo is a gangster's paradise. With few police, no
effective judicial system and lots of guns, the internationally
administered province is increasingly seen by European leaders as a base
for organized crime, especially drug smuggling.

Kosovo lies in the middle of the Balkan Route, a web of smuggling roads
leading from Turkey and over which $400-billion (US) of heroin is moved
into western Europe every year. Now there are growing fears the province
could provide an important transit point.

"We need riot police for crowd control, forensic experts to solve crimes
and specialized units to fight drug trafficking and organized crime,"
Javier Solana, the European Union's representative for foreign and security
policy, told European leaders in February.

But the 2,500 United Nations police sent to the province are less than half
that requested by Bernard Kouchner, the UN mission chief. KFOR soldiers,
for their part, are likely to put as much effort into policing as their
cohorts in Bosnia, which is not much. Bosnia is one of Europe's major
conduits for drugs, arms, stolen cars and prostitution, despite a large
international military presence.

"Generals do not want to turn their troops into cops," an official at NATO
headquarters said. "Especially, they don't want to get their troops shot
pursuing black marketeers."

The chaos created by 10 years of war in the Balkans has been a bonanza for
the Kosovo Albanians, who control 40% of Europe's heroin trade -- their
profits are thought to have helped fund last year's war. If they were to
return home, there would be little the cash-starved and understaffed UN
mission could do to control the movement of drugs and guns.

"All of a sudden, there was a drastic void in Kosovo after the war," said
Bruce Lloy, an RCMP officer and chief press spokesman with the UN police in
Pristina. "I would have moved in too."

Two to six tonnes of heroin are thought to move along the Balkan route
every month, providing 80% of Europe's heroin supply. The drug originates
in Taleban-controlled Afghanistan, Iran and eastern Turkey, from where it
flows to western Turkey. From there it moves through Bulgaria, west to
Albania via Macedonia and Kosovo or north through central Europe. The
entire journey takes a week to 10 days.

The U.S. Drug Enforcement Agency says that by 1998, Kosovo Albanians had
become the second most important group on the Balkan route, after the
Turkish mafia. "Kosovo Albanians make the perfect mafia -- even better than
the Sicilians," said Marko Nicovic, vice-president of the New York-based
International Narcotics Enforcement Agency.

"They are a small ethnic group made up of clans or families that have very
close to family relations. The brotherhood, or Fic, is impenetrable by
outsiders. It is difficult to find translators to work with police and
impossible to get an informer or agent inside the organizations."

The Kosovo Albanian heroin dealers are typically made up of groups of fewer
than 100 members of an extended family. Mr. Nicovic, former chief of the
Belgrade narcotics squad, said they are ideally situated to benefit from
the trade because, facing discrimination at home over the past few decades,
members of the same families have settled in both Turkey and western
Europe, at either end of the Balkan route.

Since the mid-1980s, these connections have allowed them to begin taking
over the heroin trade, especially in Switzerland and Scandinavia.

According to Interpol, Albanian speakers accounted for 14% of those
arrested for heroin smuggling in 1997. While the average quantity of the
drug found on smugglers was two grams, ethnic Albanians were carrying an
average of 120 g.

Last month, officials from the Czech Republic, Sweden, Norway and Denmark
met to discuss stamping out the heroin trade between Southern Europe and
European Union countries which they believe is controlled by a dozen Kosovo
Albanian families.

Although there is no evidence the Kosovo Liberation Army was directly
involved in drug dealing, the British-based International Police Review
reported it had become dependent on the mafia families, "which gives the
criminals an influence over an armed force, almost 30,000 strong, which is
likely to dominate post-war Kosovo."

But the question facing UN police on the ground in Kosovo is whether the
heroin trade through the province -- interrupted by last year's war -- has
reappeared in large quantities.

"I don't believe that's true," said Barry Graham, a UN officer working with
Pristina's regional intelligence unit. "There are Kosovar Albanians dealing
drugs in Switzerland and the Czech Republic, but their links with Kosovo
are only family associations. I don't believe that Kosovo is providing a
significant amount of heroin to Europe. What officials are saying is that
40% of the heroin is provided by Kosovar Albanians -- but the heroin does
not come from Kosovo."

While he acknowledged heroin is coming into the province, the amount only
supplies local needs, he said. Cocaine is also being brought in to satisfy
the demands of the large numbers of international workers gathered for the
humanitarian effort.

"We are not seeing any intelligence that anybody is making large amounts of
money here," he said.

Mr. Graham argues that the established routes through Bulgaria and Albania
are so successful the smugglers have no need to make use of the route
through Kosovo.

"Why would they change it to Kosovo and risk going through new
international borders as well as random security checks by over 40,000 KFOR
soldiers? Because the borders are now monitored, they have to use the
mountain passes and the quantities are limited to two or three kilograms."

Until last year, smugglers bribed their way past Yugoslav border guards
into Kosovo, then moved north into Serbia. The war disrupted this route and
the new international border guards are not so easily corrupted, he said.

In Belgrade, there is no longer the large supply of heroin coming from
Kosovo that there was a few years ago. "All the connections between Serbs
and Albanians has stopped," a heroin dealer in Belgrade told the National
Post. "Only people without character would have dealt with Albanians during
the war."

A middleman along the Balkan route, the 24-year-old dealer sells a kilogram
in Belgrade for 20,000 German marks ($14,200), a quarter of the price in
Italy. However, he said he did expect the route from Kosovo to reopen.

UN police say they are monitoring the dozen or so low-level dealers in
Pristina, but with the court system virtually non-existent there is little
they can do to stop them.

"If a guy is caught with 40 to 50 grams, he wouldn't be prosecuted," said
Mr. Graham.

He added that he is much more concerned by the large numbers of guns coming
into the country from Albania, a growing arsenal for the KLA, which was to
have been decomissioned last year.

"Large trucks are being used to smuggle weapons and drugs from the Albanian
port of Dures. Small amounts of cocaine, heroin and pot are hidden in the
cab but weapons are the main item."

The flow of weapons out of the Balkans may be as great a threat to European
security as the heroin trade.