MARIJUANA THRIVES IN APPALACHIA'S DEPRESSED ECONOMY

U.S. Forest Service Law Enforcement Officer Bob O'Neill Removes
Marijuana Seedlings From A Remote Hillside

EAST BERNSTADT, Kentucky - Bob O'Neill stands on a secluded hillside
in the Daniel Boone National Forest. In the palm of one hand, the
forestry officer holds a dozen marijuana seedlings that could have
grown to a street value of $24,000.

Here in these rugged hills, known more for their destitution than
their beauty, more than 40 percent of the nation's marijuana is grown
- -- an estimated 1.6 million outdoor plants worth $3.9 billion annually
in a region where the average household income has yet to break $8,000
a year.

"With marijuana growing, nothing surprises you -- who's growing it and
who's selling it," said Knott County Sheriff Wheeler Jacobs.

Jacobs has arrested friends and acquaintances caught growing the
plants illegally, and he has faced the backlash from struggling
mountain communities where the drug money has become a financial lifeline.

Richard R. Clayton, a University of Kentucky professor who wrote a
report for the United Nations titled "Marijuana in the 'Third World':
Appalachia, USA", says the region is the perfect drug-growing economic
model.

"You've got that large level of unemployment, you've got insularity
and you've got a need for cash," he said.

While the rest of the nation prospered amid record economic growth,
the region's endemic poverty, lack of high-paying jobs and ideal
growing climate feeds the illegal industry. Appalachia's rugged
terrain also provides a natural camouflage for the marijuana plants --
each worth a street value of about $2,000.

"It's tremendously profitable," said Joseph L. Famularo, U.S. Attorney
for the eastern district of Kentucky. "Kentucky marijuana is very
prized, especially in the Northeast United States."

In 1998, the 65-county region was designated a High Intensity Drug
Trafficking Area by the Office of National Drug Control Policy. The
designation means $6 million annually in federal funding is used to
help law-enforcement agencies fight the problem. Since then, there
have been 1,952 arrests and 5,703 marijuana plots have been eradicated.

Some say the problem is a social one -- that the offspring of
moonshiners have traded in their bootleg liquor sales for a more
profitable product.

While the product might have changed, the cat-and-mouse game between
growers and law enforcement officials still gets personal.

"I've been told I'm taking Christmas away from the kids ... I've heard
it all," said Harold Sizemore, supervisory law enforcement officer for
the U.S. Forest Service.

The industry crosses social strata; Sizemore has arrested engineers
and even retired teachers for marijuana cultivation.

"You've got some that are fairly organized like corporations," Clayton
said. "And you've got some that are just mom and pop
organizations."

Mike Roution, who turned to growing when his pay check from Pizza Hut
couldn't support his cocaine habit, is nearing the end of a five-year
prison sentence for growing 185 plants in his Taylor County attic. He
was netting $165,000 every three months.

His wife, a Head Start teacher, filed for divorce while he was behind
bars. He has a 13-year-old daughter.

"I was one of the people who would've told you that marijuana is the
best drug in the world ... now I know the adverse affects of it," he
said in an interview from the Kentucky State Reformatory in LaGrange.

The thriving cottage industry has also spawned official
corruption.

Freddie White, the drug-dog handler for the Perry County sheriff's
office, pleaded guilty in February to possession with the intent to
distribute marijuana, as well as other drug charges. Johnny Mann,
former Lee County sheriff, is serving a 24-year federal sentence for a
1991 conviction for accepting bribes to protect marijuana and cocaine
smuggling.

Law enforcement officers also acknowledge that the millions of dollars
generated by illegal marijuana sales are bolstering legitimate businesses.

In 1990, after 100,000 plants were eradicated in Leslie County, there
were widespread stories of grocery stores and car dealerships nearly
going bankrupt, Sizemore said.

The cultivators are "quite frankly, very wealthy," Famularo said.
"Four-wheel drive trucks ... ATV's. They usually have expensive toys."

Public lands are popular places to plant marijuana patches. By
planting on government property, growers avoid forfeiture laws and
make it more difficult to track the grower. In Boone National Forest
alone, 192,685 plants worth $384 million were eradicated last year.

Roution said marijuana growers often carry firearms, plant animal
traps and steal each other's bounty.

"You stumble onto someone's crop in the middle of the field, you're
liable to get shot," he said.

In 1994, three eastern Kentucky men were killed by their own booby
traps at a marijuana patch in Breathitt County. The explosion left
3-foot-deep craters.

"The repercussions of it, the tragedy and all the stuff that goes with
the drug trade, it's no means romantic or glamourous. It's a nasty,
rotten business," Famularo said.