Cited: http://ecstasy.org
http://clubdrugs.org

Cited: Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies (MAPS):
http://www.maps.org/
Note:MAPS has prepared a fact sheet to clarify some inaccuracies
in the TIME story and expand on important points only mentioned in it.
See: http://www.maps.org/research/mdma/time.html

Cited: DanceSafe: http://www.dancesafe.org

Bookmark: For more on ecstasy click this link:
http://www.mapinc.org/mdma.htm

THE LURE OF ECSTASY

The elixir best known for powering raves is an 80-year-old illegal drug.
But it's showing up outside clubs too, and advocates claim it even has
therapeutic benefits. Just how dangerous is it?

Cobb County, GA., May 11, 2000. It's a Thursday morning, and 18-year-old
"Karen" and five friends decide to go for it. They skip first period and
sneak into the woods near their upscale high school. One of them takes out
six rolls--six ecstasy pills--and they each swallow one. Then back to
school, flying on a drug they once used only on weekends. Now they smile
stupid gelatinous smiles at one another, even as high school passes them
by. That night they will all go out and drop more ecstasy, rolling into the
early hours of another school day. It's rare that anyone would take ecstasy
so often--it's not physically addictive--but teenagers everywhere have
begun experimenting with it. "The cliques are pretty big in my school,"
Karen says, "and every clique does it."

Grand Rapids, Mich., May 1997. Sue and Shane Stevens have sent the three
kids away for the weekend. They have locked the doors and hidden the car so
no one will bug them. Tonight they hope to talk about Shane's cancer, a
topic they have mostly avoided for years. It has eaten away at their
marriage just as it corrodes his kidney. A friend has recommended that they
take ecstasy, except he calls it MDMA and says therapists used it 20 years
ago to get people to discuss difficult topics. And, in fact, after tonight,
Sue and Shane will open up, and Sue will come to believe MDMA is prolonging
her marriage--and perhaps Shane's life.

So we know that ecstasy is versatile. Actually, that's one of the first
things we knew about it. Alexander Shulgin, 74, the biochemist who in 1978
published the first scientific article about the drug's effect on humans,
noticed this panacea quality back then. The drug "could be all things to
all people," he recalled later, a cure for one student's speech impediment
and for one's bad LSD trip, and a way for Shulgin to have fun at cocktail
parties without martinis.

The ready availability of ecstasy, from Cobb County to Grand Rapids, is a
newer phenomenon. Ecstasy--or "e"--enjoyed a brief spurt of mainstream use
in the '80s, before the government outlawed it in 1985. Until recently, it
remained common only on the margins of society--in clubland, in gay
America, in lower Manhattan. But in the past year or so, ecstasy has
returned to the heartland. Established drug dealers and mobsters have taken
over the trade, and they are meeting the astonishing demand in places like
Flagstaff, Ariz., where "Katrina," a student at Northern Arizona University
who first took it last summer, can now buy it easily; or San Marcos, Texas,
a town of 39,000 where authorities found 500 pills last month; or Richmond,
Va., where a police investigation led to the arrest this year of a man
thought to have sold tens of thousands of hits of e. On May 12, authorities
seized half a million pills at San Francisco's airport--the biggest e bust
ever. Each pill costs pennies to make but sells for between $20 and $40, so
someone missed a big payday.

Ecstasy remains a niche drug. The number of people who use it once a month
remains so small--less than 1% of the population--that ecstasy use doesn't
register in the government's drug survey. (By comparison, 5% of Americans
older than 12 say they use marijuana once a month, and 1.8% use cocaine.)
But ecstasy use is growing. Eight percent of U.S. high school seniors say
they have tried it at least once, up from 5.8% in 1997; teen use of most
other drugs declined in the late '90s. Nationwide, customs officers have
already seized more ecstasy this fiscal year, more than 5.4 million hits,
than in all of last year. In 1998 they seized just 750,000 hits.

The drug's appeal has never been limited to ravers. Today it can be found
for sale on Bourbon Street in New Orleans along with the 24-hour booze; a
group of lawyers in Little Rock, Ark., takes it occasionally, as does a
cheerleading captain at a Miami high school. The drug is also showing up in
hip-hop circles. Bone Thugs-N-Harmony raps a paean to it on its latest
album: "Oh, man, I don't even f___ with the weed no more."

Indeed, much of the ecstasy taking--and the law enforcement under way to
end it--has been accompanied by breathlessness. "It appears that the
ecstasy problem will eclipse the crack-cocaine problem we experienced in
the late 1980s," a cop told the Richmond Times-Dispatch. In April, 60
Minutes II prominently featured an Orlando, Fla., detective dolorously
noting that "ecstasy is no different from crack, heroin." On the other side
of the spectrum, at http://ecstasy.org , you can find equally bloated praise
of the drug. "We sing, we laugh, we share/ and most of all, we care,"
gushes an awful poem on the site, which also includes testimonials from
folks who say ecstasy can treat schizophrenia and help you make "contact
with dead relatives."

Ecstasy is popular because it appears to have few negative consequences.
But "these are not just benign, fun drugs," says Alan Leshner, director of
the National Institute on Drug Abuse. "They carry serious short-term and
long-term dangers." Those like Leshner who fight the war on drugs overstate
these dangers occasionally--and users usually understate them. But one
reason ecstasy is so fascinating, and thus dangerous to antidrug crusaders,
is that it appears to be a safer drug than heroin and cocaine, at least in
the short run, and appears to have more potentially therapeutic benefits.

Even so, the Federal Government has launched a major p.r. effort to fight
ecstasy based on the Internet at http://clubdrugs.org . Last week two
Senators, Bob Graham of Florida and Charles Grassley of Iowa, introduced an
ecstasy antiproliferation bill, which would stiffen penalties for
trafficking in the drug. Under the new law, someone caught selling about
100 hits of ecstasy could be charged as a drug trafficker; current law sets
the threshold at about 300,000 pills. "I think this is the time to take a
forceful set of initiatives to try to reverse the tide," says Graham.

What's the appeal of ecstasy? As a user put it, it's "a six-hour orgasm."
About half an hour after you swallow a hit of e, you begin to feel
peaceful, empathetic and energetic--not edgy, just clear. Pot relaxes but
sometimes confuses; LSD stupefies; cocaine wires. Ecstasy has none of those
immediate downsides. "Jack," 29, an Indiana native who has taken ecstasy
about 40 times, said the only time he felt as good as he does on e was when
he found out he had won a Rhodes scholarship. He enjoys feeling logorrheic:
ecstasy users often talk endlessly, maybe about a silly song that's playing
or maybe about a terrible burden on them. E allows the mind to wander, but
not into hallucinations. Users retain control. Jack can allow his social
defenses to crumble on ecstasy, and he finds he can get close to people
from different backgrounds. "People I would never have talked to, because
I'm mostly in the Manhattan business world, I talk to on ecstasy. I've made
some friends I never would have had."

All this marveling should raise suspicions, however. It's probably not a
good idea to try to duplicate the best moment of one's life 40 times, if
only because it will cheapen the truly good times. And even as they help
open the mind to new experiences, drugs also can distort the reality to
which users ineluctably return. Is ecstasy snake oil? And how harmful is it?

This is what we know:

An ecstasy pill most probably won't kill you or cure you. It is also unlike
pretty much every other illicit drug. Ecstasy pills are (or at least they
are supposed to be) made of a compound called
methylenedioxymethamphetamine, or MDMA. It's an old drug: Germany issued
the patent for it in 1914 to the German company E. Merck. Contrary to
ecstasy lore, and there's tons of it, Merck wasn't trying to develop a diet
drug when it synthesized MDMA. Instead, its chemists simply thought it
could be a promising intermediary substance that might be used to help
develop more advanced therapeutic drugs. There's also no evidence that any
living creature took it at the time--not Merck employees and certainly not
Nazi soldiers, another common myth. (They wouldn't have made very
aggressive killers.)

Yet MDMA all but disappeared until 1953. That's when the U.S. Army funded a
secret University of Michigan animal study of eight drugs, including MDMA.
The cold war was on, and for years its combatants had been researching
scores of substances as potential weapons. The Michigan study found that
none of the compounds under review was particularly toxic--which means
there will be no war machines armed with ecstasy-filled bombs. It also
means that although MDMA is more toxic than, say, the cactus-based
psychedelic mescaline, it would take a big dose of e, something like 14 of
today's purest pills ingested at once, to kill you.

It doesn't mean ecstasy is harmless. Broadly speaking, there are two
dangers: first, a pill you assume to be MDMA could actually contain
something else. Anecdotal evidence suggests that most serious short-term
medical problems that arise from "ecstasy" are actually caused by pills
adulterated with other, more harmful substances (more on this later).
Second, and more controversially, MDMA itself might do harm.

There's a long-standing debate about MDMA's dangers, which will take much
more research to resolve. The theory is that MDMA's perils spring from the
same neurochemical reaction that causes its pleasures. After MDMA enters
the bloodstream, it aims with laser-like precision at the brain cells that
release serotonin, a chemical that is the body's primary regulator of mood.
MDMA causes these cells to disgorge their contents and flood the brain with
serotonin.

But forcibly catapulting serotonin levels could be risky. Of course,
millions of Americans manipulate serotonin when they take Prozac. But
ecstasy actually shoves serotonin from its storage sites, according to Dr.
John Morgan, a professor of pharmacology at the City University of New York
(cuny). Prozac just prevents the serotonin that's already been naturally
secreted from being taken back up into brain cells.

Normally, serotonin levels are exquisitely maintained, which is crucial
because the chemical helps manage not only mood but also body temperature.
In fact, overheating is MDMA's worst short-term danger. Flushing the system
with serotonin, particularly when users take several pills over the course
of one night, can short-circuit the body's ability to control its
temperature. Dancing in close quarters doesn't help, and because some
novice users don't know to drink water, e users' temperatures can climb as
high as 110[degrees]. At such extremes, the blood starts to coagulate. In
the past two decades, dozens of users around the world have died this way.

There are long-term dangers too. By forcing serotonin out, MDMA resculpts
the brain cells that release the chemical. The changes to these cells could
be permanent. Johns Hopkins neurotoxicologist George Ricaurte has shown
that serotonin levels are significantly lower in animals that have been
given about the same amount of MDMA as you would find in just one ecstasy pill.

In November, Ricaurte recorded for the first time the effects of ecstasy on
the human brain. He gave memory tests to people who said they had last used
ecstasy two weeks before, and he compared their results with those of a
control group of people who said they had never taken e. The ecstasy users
fared worse on the tests. Computer images that give detailed snapshots of
brain activity also showed that e users have fewer serotonin receptors in
their brains than nonusers, even two weeks after their last exposure. On
the strength of these studies as well as a large number of animal studies,
Ricaurte has hypothesized that the damage is irreversible.

Ricaurte's work has received much attention, owing largely to the
government's well-intentioned efforts to warn kids away from ecstasy. But
his work isn't conclusive. The major problem is that his research subjects
had used all kinds of drugs, not just ecstasy. (And there was no way to
tell that the ecstasy they had taken was pure MDMA.) And critics say even
if MDMA does cause the changes to the brain that Ricaurte has documented,
those changes may carry no functional consequences. "None of the subjects
that Ricaurte studied had any evidence of brain or psychological
dysfunction," says cuny's Morgan. "His findings should not be dismissed,
but they may simply mean that we have a whole lot of plasticity--that we
can do without serotonin and be O.K. We have a lot of unanswered questions."

Ricaurte told TIME that "the vast majority of people who have experimented
with MDMA appear normal, and there's no obvious indication that something
is amiss." Ricaurte says we may discover in 10 or 20 years that those
appearances are horribly wrong, but others are more sanguine about MDMA's
risks, given its benefits. For more than 15 years, Rick Doblin, founder of
the Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies, has been the
world's most enthusiastic proponent of therapeutic MDMA use. He believes
that the compound has a special ability to help people make sense of
themselves and the world, that taking MDMA can lead people to inner truths.
Independently wealthy, he uses his organization to promote his views and to
"study ways to take drugs to open the unconscious."

Doblin first tried MDMA in 1982, when it was still legal and when the
phrase "open the unconscious" didn't sound quite so gooey. At that time,
MDMA had a small following among avant-garde psychotherapists, who gave it
to blindfolded patients in quiet offices and then asked them to discuss
traumas. Many of the therapists had heard about MDMA from the published
work of former Dow chemist Shulgin. According to Shulgin (who is often
wrongly credited with discovering MDMA), another therapist to whom he gave
the drug in turn named it Adam and introduced it to more than 4,000 people.

Among these patients were a few entrepreneurs, folks who thought MDMA felt
too good to be confined to a doctor's office. One who was based in Texas
(and who has kept his identity a secret) hired a chemist, opened an MDMA
lab and promptly renamed the drug ecstasy, a more marketable term than Adam
or "empathy" (his first choice, since it better describes the effects). He
began selling it to fashionable bars and clubs in Dallas, where bartenders
sold it along with cocktails; patrons charged the $20 pills, plus $1.33
tax, on their American Express cards.

Manufacturers at the time flaunted the legality of the drug, promoting it
as lacking the hallucinatory effects of LSD and the addictive properties of
coke and heroin. The U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration was caught by
surprise by the new drug not long after it had been embarrassed by the
spread of crack. The administration quickly used new discretionary powers
to outlaw MDMA, pointing to the private labs and club use as evidence of
abuse. dea officials also cited rudimentary studies showing that ecstasy
users had vomited and experienced blood-pressure fluctuations.

Most therapeutic use quickly stopped. But Doblin's group has funded
important MDMA studies, including Ricaurte's first work on the drug. Sue
Stevens, the woman who took it in 1997 with her husband Shane--he has since
died of kidney cancer--learned about the drug from a mutual friend of hers
and Doblin's. She believes e helped Shane find the right attitude to fight
his illness, and she helps Doblin advocate for limited legal use. Soon his
association will help fund the first approved study of MDMA in
psychotherapy, involving 30 victims of rape in Spain diagnosed with
post-traumatic stress disorder. In this country, the FDA has approved only
one study. In 1995 Dr. Charles Grob, a ucla psychiatrist, used it as a pain
reliever for end-stage cancer patients. In the first phase of the study, he
concluded the drug is safe if used in controlled situations under careful
monitoring. The body is much less likely to overheat in such a setting.
Grob believes MDMA's changes to brain cells are accelerated and perhaps
triggered entirely by overheating.

In 1998, emergency rooms participating in the Drug Abuse Warning Network
reported receiving 1,135 mentions of ecstasy during admissions, compared
with just 626 in 1997. If ecstasy is so benign, what's happening to these
people? The two most common short-term side effects of MDMA--both of which
remain rare in the aggregate--are overheating and something even harder to
quantify, psychological trauma.

A few users have mentally broken down on ecstasy, unprepared for its
powerful psychological effects. A schoolteacher in the Bay Area who had
taken ecstasy in the past and loved it says she took it again a year ago
and began to recall, in horrible detail, an episode of sexual abuse. She
became severely depressed for three months and had to seek psychiatric
treatment. She will never take ecstasy again.

Ecstasy's aftermath can also include a depressive hangover, a down day that
users sometimes call Terrible Tuesdays. "You know the black mood is
chemical, related to the serotonin," says "Adrienne," 26, a fashion-company
executive who has used ecstasy almost weekly for the past five years. "But
the world still seems bleak." Some users, especially kids trying to avoid
the pressures of growing up, begin to use ecstasy too often--every day in
rare cases. In one extreme case, "Cara," an 18-year-old Miami woman who
attends Narcotics Anonymous, says she lost 50 lbs. after constantly taking
ecstasy. She began to steal and deal e to pay for rolls.

Another downside: because users feel empathetic, ecstasy can lower sexual
inhibitions. Men generally cannot get erections when high on e, but they
are often ferociously randy when its effects begin to fade. Dr. Robert
Klitzman, a psychiatrist at Columbia University, has found that men in New
York City who use ecstasy are 2.8 times more likely to have unprotected sex.

Still, the majority of people who end up in the e.r. after taking ecstasy
are almost certainly not taking MDMA but something masquerading under its
name. No one knows for sure what they're taking, since emergency rooms
don't always test blood to confirm the drug identified by users. But one
group that does test e for purity is DanceSafe, a prorave organization
based in Berkeley, Calif., and largely funded by a software millionaire,
Bob Wallace (Microsoft's employee No. 9). DanceSafe sets up tables at
raves, where users can get information about drugs and also have ecstasy
pills tested. (The organization works with police so that ravers who
produce pills for testing won't be arrested.) A DanceSafe worker shaves off
a sliver of the tablet and drops a solution onto it; if it doesn't turn
black quickly, it's not MDMA.

The organization has found that as much as 20% of the so-called ecstasy
sold at raves contains something other than MDMA. DanceSafe also tests
pills for anonymous users who send in samples from around the nation; it
has found that 40% of those pills are fake. Last fall, DanceSafe workers
attended a "massive"--more than 5,000 people--rave in Oakland, Calif. Nine
people were taken from the rave in ambulances, but DanceSafe confirmed that
eight of the nine had taken pills that weren't MDMA.

The most common adulterants in such pills are aspirin, caffeine and other
over-the-counters. (Contrary to lore, fake e virtually never contains
heroin, which is not cost-effective in oral form.) But the most insidious
adulterant--what all eight of the Oakland ravers took--is DXM
(dextromethorphan), a cheap cough suppressant that causes hallucinations in
the 130-mg dose usually found in fake e (13 times the amount in a dose of
Robitussin). Because DXM inhibits sweating, it easily causes heatstroke.
Another dangerous adulterant is PMA (paramethoxyamphetamine), an illegal
drug that in May killed two Chicago-area teenagers who took it thinking
they were dropping e. PMA is a vastly more potent hallucinogenic and
hyperthermic drug than MDMA.

Most users don't have access to DanceSafe, which operates in only eight
cities. But as demand has grown, the incentive to manufacture fake e has
also escalated, especially for one-time raves full of teens who won't see
the dealer again. Established dealers, by contrast, operate under the
opposite incentive. A Miami dealer who goes by the name "Top Dog" told TIME
he obtains MDMA test kits from a connection on the police force. "If [the
pills] are no good," he says, customers "won't want to buy from you
anymore." It's business sense: Top Dog can earn $300,000 a year on e sales.

As writer Joshua Wolf Shenk has pointed out, we tend to have opposing views
about drugs: they can kill or cure; the addiction will enslave you, or the
new perceptions will free you. Aldous Huxley typified this duality with his
two most famous books, Brave New World--about a people in thrall to a drug
called soma--and The Doors of Perception--an autobiographical work in which
Huxley begins to see the world in a brilliant new light after taking mescaline.

Ecstasy can occasionally enslave and occasionally offer transcendence.
Usually, it does neither. For Adrienne, the Midwestern woman who has been a
frequent user for the past five years, ecstasy is a key part of life. "E
makes shirtless, disgusting men, a club with broken bathrooms, a deejay
that plays crap and vomiting into a trash can the best night of your life,"
she says with a laugh. "It has done two things in my life," she reflects.
"I had always been aloof or insecure or snobby, however you want to put it.
And I took it and realized, you know what, we're all here; we're all
dancing; we're not so different. I allowed myself to get closer to people.
Everything was more positive. But my life also became, quickly, all about
the next time I would do it...You feel at ease with yourself and right with
the world, and that's a feeling you want to duplicate--every single week."