A NATURAL DISASTER WROUGHT BY DRUG TRADE

In Colombia, Coca Growers Seeking a Safe Haven From Authorities Are
Cultivating in National Parks, Causing Incalculable Ecological Damage.

SAN JOSE DEL GUAVIARE, COLOMBIA -- Nature photographer Aldo Brando
saw a horrible beauty in the destruction visited upon Colombia's
national parks by outlaw coca growers.

As his helicopter slalomed through a dozen sky-high columns of smoke
from fires set by poachers clearing Macarena National Park, Brando
saw endless "craters" of lime-green coca. He likened the park's once
unbroken carpet of dark green primeval forest, now scarred by roads,
fires and illegal chemicals, to "the black-and-white palette of war."

Brando, the author of a dozen photography books, had retained only
positive images of his last flight over the park 12 years ago. He had
been awe-struck by the park's geologic formations related to
Venezuela's tepui mesas, which resemble giant black souffles. He was
dazzled by the crystal canyon where underwater plant life gives its
arterial river a bright vermilion hue.

Now he felt stunned by the "terrible kind of impressionism" and bleak
panorama of the coca farmers' destruction.

Leftist rebels, right-wing paramilitaries, and narcos that control
the billion-dollar cocaine trade have invaded the 2.5-million-acre
Macarena, laying waste to much of it to plant coca. Most of
Colombia's 48 other national parks and nature reserves are suffering
similar fates. Chased from more accessible sites by U.S.-sponsored
aerial fumigation, coca growers relentlessly clear forests knowing
that they are beyond the reach of the U.S.-Colombian fleet of planes
because spraying of the parks is prohibited by law.

Counter-narcotics officials estimate that narcos have carved out as
many as 4,000 coca sites in the Macarena, each averaging no more than 4 acres.

The result has been incalculable environmental damage. The helicopter
overflight, offered to Brando as part of a government program to
publicize the damage being caused by cocaine traffickers, provided a
rarely seen perspective of out-of-control devastation.

Naturalists are especially concerned about the damage being done in
the Macarena due to its unique confluence of Andean, Amazonian and
Orinocan ecology. Forest on the eastern side has been decimated, and
rivers have been fouled by toxic chemicals used by narcos to clear
overgrowth and process cocaine.

Luis Alfonso Ortega, a biologist with Fundacion Ecohabitats in
Popayan, said Colombia is losing tens of thousands of acres a year to
deforestation, and that the rate is five times faster in its national parks.

"This makes me very sad because the Macarena is the Colombian reserve
most valued by conservationists," Ortega said. "There are 450 species
of birds, eight of monkeys and no one knows how many plants. There
has been no full-scale investigation because of security concerns."

In a recent interview, Colombian Vice President Francisco Santos
admitted that his nation's options in stopping coca farmers are
limited, given the parks' remoteness, the ban on spraying and the
limited numbers of crews available to manually eradicate coca.

To make matters worse, Colombian and U.S. counter-narcotics officials
who wish to remove coca plants find it an often hazardous endeavor
due to land mines, snipers and many other perils. Chemicals used by
coca farmers to clear land and process cocaine also pose health hazards.

Since 2000, about 90 workers have been killed uprooting coca plants.
In August 2006, six workers clearing coca in the Macarena were killed
by a remote-controlled bomb apparently set by the Revolutionary Armed
Forces of Colombia, the rebel militia known as the FARC, whose zone
of influence has long included the park.

After that attack, Colombian President Alvaro Uribe persuaded
Congress to waive the prohibition on aerial eradication in national
parks to spray coca plants in the Macarena for several months.

This year, the government, with financial and material assistance
from the U.S., is targeting 250,000 acres for manual eradication, up
33% from last year. One hundred teams, each with 30 workers and 120
armed guards, this month began fanning out across remote sites
including Macarena to uproot the illicit crops.

Meanwhile, total acreage selected for aerial spraying of herbicide
under the auspices of Plan Colombia, the U.S.-financed anti-drug and
- -terrorism aid package, will decline 15% in 2008 to about 320,000
acres.The shift follows criticism in both countries that the emphasis
on spraying has done little to dent cocaine production since 2002.

Santos, the vice president, said the massive challenge and the
limited resources will not stop the government from trying to protect
national parks such as Macarena. The effort will include broadcast
messages about the damage wrought by coca cultivation.

"What people don't realize is that consuming cocaine is like playing
with matches, like playing with fire, literally," Santos said,
"because cocaine represents environmental devastation in Colombia."

After his aerial tour, Brando was briefed on eradication plans for
2008 by Colombian anti-drug police at a military base east of the
2.5-million-acre park. He acknowledged later that his mind remained
on the stark images he saw of the creeping destruction of his
country, which is one of the world's most biodiverse.

"The craters," the photographer said, shaking his head, "were like a
flesh-eating disease over the skin of the Earth."