News (Media Awareness Project) - US: This Is Your Country On Drugs, Footnotes |
| Title: | US: This Is Your Country On Drugs, Footnotes |
| Published On: | 2001-07-06 |
| Source: | LA Weekly (CA) |
| Fetched On: | 2008-01-25 15:11:25 |
Independence Day Special: This Is Your Country on Drugs
FOOTNOTES
1 The Pew Research Center for the People and the Press. "74 Percent Say
Drug War Being Lost: Interdiction and Incarceration Still Top Remedies" 21
March 2001: 74 percent.
2 Office of Applied Studies, National Institute on Drug Abuse. National
Household Survey on Drug Abuse. (Rockville, MD: SAMHSA, U.S. Department of
Health and Human Services, April 2001), Table G.6: 39.7 percent.
3 Ibid., Section 2.4: number of new users = 7.6 million; U.S. Census Bureau
2000: pop. of City of L.A. = 3,694,820.
4 Office of National Drug Control Policy, Summary: FY 2002 National Drug
Control Budget. (Washington DC: U.S. Govrenment Printing Office, April
2001), 1.
5 Office of National Drug Control Policy, What America's Users Spend on
Illegal Drugs 1988-1998. (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing
Office, December 2000), 3.
6 Pew op. cit..
7 Pew op. cit..
8 Office of Management and Budget, Federal Government Outlays by Function:
Outlays by Function and Subfunction, Table 3.2.
9 Bureau of Justice Statistics, State and Federal Prisoners from 1925 to
1985 NCJ 102494: total number of sentenced fed. prisoners = 24,162; Bureau
of Justice Statistics Chief of Corrections Statistics, Beck, Allen J.
Telephone interview. 7 June 2001: Total number fed. drug offenders in 1982
= 5,871.
10 Bureau of Justice Statistics, Compendium of Federal Justice Statistics
1999. NCJ 186179 (Washington D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of
Justice Statistics, April 2001), 3: total drug offender pop. = 57.8 percent
11 Bureau of Justice Statistics, State and Federal Prisoners from 1925 to
1985 NCJ 102494: total number of sentenced fed. prisoners = 24,162; Chief
of Corrections Statistics, Beck, Allen J. Telephone interview, 7 June 2001:
total number fed. drug offenders in 1982 = 5,871; Bureau of Justice
Statistics, Correctional Populations in the United States 1993 NCJ 156241
(Washington D.C: Bureau of Justice Statistics, October 1995): 1982 state
drug pop. is 25,300 out of 375,603. (1982 total = 31,171/ 399,765 = 7.8
percent) Bureau of Justice Statistics, Compendium of Federal Justice
Statistics 1998 NCJ 180258 (Washington, D.C.: Bureau of Justice Statistics,
May 2000), 98: 1998 fed. drug pop. is 63,011 out of 108,925; Bureau of
Justice Statistics, Prisoners in 1999 NCJ 183476 (Washington D.C.: Bureau
of Justice Statistics, August 2000), 10: in 1998 state drug pop. is 236,800
out of 1,141,700. (TOTAL = 299,811 / 125,0625 = 23.9 percent)
12 Rydell, Peter C. & Everingham, Susan S., "Controlling Cocaine: Supply
Versus Demand Programs." http://www.rand.org Prepared for the Office of
National Drug Control Policy, 1994.
13 Ibid.
14 Department of Justice, Drug Enforcement Agency, DEA Briefing Book.
Appendix: Staffing and Appropriations FY 1971-2000: 1982 = 244.1m; Office
of National Drug Control Policy, Summary: FY 2002 National Drug Control
Budget. (op. cit.), 122: 2000 budget = 1443.853 m.
15 Sourcebook of Criminal Justice Statistics. Bureau of Justice Statistics,
Table 4.39: DEA seizure = 809,507, Table 4.44: Customs seizure = 1,468,158.3.
16 Office of National Drug Control Policy, Summary: FY 2002 National Drug
Control Budget. (op. cit.), 122, 223: FY 2001 enacted DEA budget =
$1443.853 million; FY 2001 enacted Customs drug budget = $721.595 million.
17 U.S. Department of Justice, National Drug Intelligence Center, National
Drug Threat Assessment 2001 2001-Q0317-001 (Washington, D.C.: U.S.
Government Publications, October 2000), 37.
18 Ibid., ibid.
19 U.S. Department of Commerce, Tourism Industries Office, "Arrivals to the
U.S. 1999 and 1998"
20 Office of National Drug Control Policy, National Drug Control Strategy
2001 Annual Report. (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Print Office), 93.
21 Ibid, ibid.
22 Ibid.
23 Office of National Drug Control Policy, National Drug Control Strategy
2001 Annual Report (op. cit.), 98.
24 Office of National Drug Control Policy, National Drug Control Strategy
2001 Annual Report (op. cit.), 171: retail Price of gram of cocaine in 1982
= $392.97, retail price in 1998 = $169.52.
25 Ibid., ibid: retail purity of a gram in 1982 = 39.58 percent, retail
purity of a gram in 1998 = 71.23 percent.
26 Office of National Drug Control Policy Pulse Check, Mid Year 2000 (op.
cit.), 25.
27 Office of National Drug Control Policy, National Drug Control Strategy
2001 Annual Report (op. cit.), 91.
28 Ibid., ibid.
29 Ibid., ibid.
30 Bureau of Justice Statistics Statistician, Scalia, John. Telephone
interview. 12 June 2001: total number fed. drug offenders in 1986 = 15,185;
Bureau of Justice Statistics, Compendium of Federal Justice Statistics 1999
(op. cit.), 100; federal drug pop. 1999 = 68,360.
31 Bureau of Justice Statistics Correctional Populations in the United
States 1986, 64: total sentenced fed. pop. in 1986 = 35,045; Bureau of
Justice Statistics Statistician, Scalia, John. Telephone interview. 12 June
2001: total number fed. drug offenders in 1986 = 15,185; Bureau of Justice
Statistics, Compendium of Federal Justice Statistics 1999 (op. cit.),100:
total fed. pop. in 1999 = 119,185, drug pop. = 68,360. (Change in
drug/change in total = 63 percent)
32 Office of Applied Studies, National Institute on Drug Abuse. "Detailed
Tables of NHSDA Data," Table 1.36
33 Bureau of Justice Statistics. "Supplement to Table 1.4 of the 1999
Compendium of Federal Justice Statistics." (op cit) 20 June, 2001.
34 Bureau of Justice Statistics, Prison and Jail Inmates at Midyear 2000
(op. cit.), 9.
35 Ibid., ibid.
36 National Drug Intelligence Center, National Drug Threat Assessment 2001
(op. cit.), 55.
37 U.S. Office of Applied Studies, National Institute on Drug Abuse,
National Household Survey on Drug Abuse (op. cit.), Table G.6: number of
new users in 1968 = 461, number of new users in 1998 = 1,245
38 Lyman, Donald R.; Milich, Richard; Zimmerman, Rick; Novak, Scott P.;
Logan, T.K.; Martin, Catherine; Leukefeld, Carl; Clayton, Richard. "Project
DARE: No Effects at 10-Year Follow-Up" Journal of Consulting and Clinical
Psychology 67:4 (1999): 590-593.
39 Rosenbaum, Dennis P. & Hanson, Gordon S. "Assessing the Effects of
School-based Drug Education: A Six-Year Multilevel Analysis of Project
D.A.R.E." Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 35:4 (1998): 381-412.
40 U.S. Office of Applied Studies, National Institute on Drug Abuse,
National Household Survey on Drug Abuse (op. cit.), Section 2.4: number of
new marijuana users in 1997 = 2.6 million, number of new cigarette in 1997
= 3.4 million.
41 U.S. Office of Applied Studies, National Institute on Drug Abuse,
National Household Survey on Drug Abuse (op. cit.), Section 2.1: College
grads = 45.6 percent, high school dropouts = 30.0 percent.
42 Ibid.
43 Ibid.
44 National Center for Health Statistics, Vital Statistics. "Homicide Rates
From the Vital Statistics."
45 Thornton, Mark. "Alcohol Prohibition Was a Failure." Policy Analysis 157
(1991), 3: per capita consumption in 1921 is approx. .2 gallons, in 1929,
approx. 1.3.
46 Office of National Drug Control Policy, National Drug Control Strategy
2001 Annual Report (op. cit.), 15: average commercial THC content in "early
1980s" = under 2 percent, 1999 commercial THC = 5.58.
47 Shenk (op. cit.); Joseph, Miriam. Ecstasy: Its History and Lore.
(London: Carlton, 2000), 19.
48 Office of National Drug Control Policy, National Drug Control Strategy
2001 Annual Report (op. cit.), 24.
49 U.S. Department of Justice, National Drug Intelligence Center, National
Drug Threat Assessment 2001 (op. cit.), 21.
50 Joseph, Miriam. Speed: Its History and Lore. (London: Carlton 2000), 22.
51 U.S. Office of Applied Studies, National Institute on Drug Abuse,
National Household Survey on Drug Abuse (op. cit.), Table G.6.
52 Joseph, Miriam. Speed (op. cit.), 10.
53 Ibid., 20.
54 U.S. Office of Applied Studies, National Institute on Drug Abuse,
National Household Survey on Drug Abuse (op. cit.), Table G.6.
55 Ibid., Table G.21.
56 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute on Drug
Abuse. NIDA Research Report: Nicotine Addiction NIH 98-4342 (Rockville, MD:
NIDA, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services).
57 Sourcebook of Criminal Justice Statistics 1999 (op. cit.), Table 3.117
58 Office of National Drug Control Policy, National Drug Control Strategy
2001 Annual Report (op. cit.), 163.
59 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute on Drug
Abuse. NIDA Research Report: Nicotine Addiction (op. cit.).
60 U.S. Office of Applied Studies, National Institute on Drug Abuse,
National Household Survey on Drug Abuse (op. cit.), Table G.11.
61 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute on Drug
Abuse. NIDA Research Report: Nicotine Addiction (op. cit.).
62 National Institute on Drug Abuse, The Economic Costs of Alcohol and Drug
Abuse in the United States 1992, Executive Summary.
63 Rydell, Peter C. & Everingham, Susan S. (op. cit.)
64 Ibid.
65 Office of National Drug Control Policy, Summary: FY 2002 National Drug
Control Budget. (op. cit.)
66 U.S. Office of Applied Studies, National Institute on Drug Abuse,
National Household Survey on Drug Abuse (op. cit.), Table G.6: number of
current users = 14,820,000; U.S. Census Bureau 2000: pop. of Colorado =
4,301,261.
67 U.S. Office of Applied Studies, National Institute on Drug Abuse,
National Household Survey on Drug Abuse (op. cit.), Table G.6: number of
lifetime users = 87,734,000; U.S. Census Bureau 2000: pop. of California =
33,871,648.
68 International Coffee Organization. "Total Production of Exporting
Members Crop Years 1995/96 to 2000/01"
FOOTNOTES
1 The Pew Research Center for the People and the Press. "74 Percent Say
Drug War Being Lost: Interdiction and Incarceration Still Top Remedies" 21
March 2001: 74 percent.
2 Office of Applied Studies, National Institute on Drug Abuse. National
Household Survey on Drug Abuse. (Rockville, MD: SAMHSA, U.S. Department of
Health and Human Services, April 2001), Table G.6: 39.7 percent.
3 Ibid., Section 2.4: number of new users = 7.6 million; U.S. Census Bureau
2000: pop. of City of L.A. = 3,694,820.
4 Office of National Drug Control Policy, Summary: FY 2002 National Drug
Control Budget. (Washington DC: U.S. Govrenment Printing Office, April
2001), 1.
5 Office of National Drug Control Policy, What America's Users Spend on
Illegal Drugs 1988-1998. (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing
Office, December 2000), 3.
6 Pew op. cit..
7 Pew op. cit..
8 Office of Management and Budget, Federal Government Outlays by Function:
Outlays by Function and Subfunction, Table 3.2.
9 Bureau of Justice Statistics, State and Federal Prisoners from 1925 to
1985 NCJ 102494: total number of sentenced fed. prisoners = 24,162; Bureau
of Justice Statistics Chief of Corrections Statistics, Beck, Allen J.
Telephone interview. 7 June 2001: Total number fed. drug offenders in 1982
= 5,871.
10 Bureau of Justice Statistics, Compendium of Federal Justice Statistics
1999. NCJ 186179 (Washington D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of
Justice Statistics, April 2001), 3: total drug offender pop. = 57.8 percent
11 Bureau of Justice Statistics, State and Federal Prisoners from 1925 to
1985 NCJ 102494: total number of sentenced fed. prisoners = 24,162; Chief
of Corrections Statistics, Beck, Allen J. Telephone interview, 7 June 2001:
total number fed. drug offenders in 1982 = 5,871; Bureau of Justice
Statistics, Correctional Populations in the United States 1993 NCJ 156241
(Washington D.C: Bureau of Justice Statistics, October 1995): 1982 state
drug pop. is 25,300 out of 375,603. (1982 total = 31,171/ 399,765 = 7.8
percent) Bureau of Justice Statistics, Compendium of Federal Justice
Statistics 1998 NCJ 180258 (Washington, D.C.: Bureau of Justice Statistics,
May 2000), 98: 1998 fed. drug pop. is 63,011 out of 108,925; Bureau of
Justice Statistics, Prisoners in 1999 NCJ 183476 (Washington D.C.: Bureau
of Justice Statistics, August 2000), 10: in 1998 state drug pop. is 236,800
out of 1,141,700. (TOTAL = 299,811 / 125,0625 = 23.9 percent)
12 Rydell, Peter C. & Everingham, Susan S., "Controlling Cocaine: Supply
Versus Demand Programs." http://www.rand.org Prepared for the Office of
National Drug Control Policy, 1994.
13 Ibid.
14 Department of Justice, Drug Enforcement Agency, DEA Briefing Book.
Appendix: Staffing and Appropriations FY 1971-2000: 1982 = 244.1m; Office
of National Drug Control Policy, Summary: FY 2002 National Drug Control
Budget. (op. cit.), 122: 2000 budget = 1443.853 m.
15 Sourcebook of Criminal Justice Statistics. Bureau of Justice Statistics,
Table 4.39: DEA seizure = 809,507, Table 4.44: Customs seizure = 1,468,158.3.
16 Office of National Drug Control Policy, Summary: FY 2002 National Drug
Control Budget. (op. cit.), 122, 223: FY 2001 enacted DEA budget =
$1443.853 million; FY 2001 enacted Customs drug budget = $721.595 million.
17 U.S. Department of Justice, National Drug Intelligence Center, National
Drug Threat Assessment 2001 2001-Q0317-001 (Washington, D.C.: U.S.
Government Publications, October 2000), 37.
18 Ibid., ibid.
19 U.S. Department of Commerce, Tourism Industries Office, "Arrivals to the
U.S. 1999 and 1998"
20 Office of National Drug Control Policy, National Drug Control Strategy
2001 Annual Report. (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Print Office), 93.
21 Ibid, ibid.
22 Ibid.
23 Office of National Drug Control Policy, National Drug Control Strategy
2001 Annual Report (op. cit.), 98.
24 Office of National Drug Control Policy, National Drug Control Strategy
2001 Annual Report (op. cit.), 171: retail Price of gram of cocaine in 1982
= $392.97, retail price in 1998 = $169.52.
25 Ibid., ibid: retail purity of a gram in 1982 = 39.58 percent, retail
purity of a gram in 1998 = 71.23 percent.
26 Office of National Drug Control Policy Pulse Check, Mid Year 2000 (op.
cit.), 25.
27 Office of National Drug Control Policy, National Drug Control Strategy
2001 Annual Report (op. cit.), 91.
28 Ibid., ibid.
29 Ibid., ibid.
30 Bureau of Justice Statistics Statistician, Scalia, John. Telephone
interview. 12 June 2001: total number fed. drug offenders in 1986 = 15,185;
Bureau of Justice Statistics, Compendium of Federal Justice Statistics 1999
(op. cit.), 100; federal drug pop. 1999 = 68,360.
31 Bureau of Justice Statistics Correctional Populations in the United
States 1986, 64: total sentenced fed. pop. in 1986 = 35,045; Bureau of
Justice Statistics Statistician, Scalia, John. Telephone interview. 12 June
2001: total number fed. drug offenders in 1986 = 15,185; Bureau of Justice
Statistics, Compendium of Federal Justice Statistics 1999 (op. cit.),100:
total fed. pop. in 1999 = 119,185, drug pop. = 68,360. (Change in
drug/change in total = 63 percent)
32 Office of Applied Studies, National Institute on Drug Abuse. "Detailed
Tables of NHSDA Data," Table 1.36
33 Bureau of Justice Statistics. "Supplement to Table 1.4 of the 1999
Compendium of Federal Justice Statistics." (op cit) 20 June, 2001.
34 Bureau of Justice Statistics, Prison and Jail Inmates at Midyear 2000
(op. cit.), 9.
35 Ibid., ibid.
36 National Drug Intelligence Center, National Drug Threat Assessment 2001
(op. cit.), 55.
37 U.S. Office of Applied Studies, National Institute on Drug Abuse,
National Household Survey on Drug Abuse (op. cit.), Table G.6: number of
new users in 1968 = 461, number of new users in 1998 = 1,245
38 Lyman, Donald R.; Milich, Richard; Zimmerman, Rick; Novak, Scott P.;
Logan, T.K.; Martin, Catherine; Leukefeld, Carl; Clayton, Richard. "Project
DARE: No Effects at 10-Year Follow-Up" Journal of Consulting and Clinical
Psychology 67:4 (1999): 590-593.
39 Rosenbaum, Dennis P. & Hanson, Gordon S. "Assessing the Effects of
School-based Drug Education: A Six-Year Multilevel Analysis of Project
D.A.R.E." Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 35:4 (1998): 381-412.
40 U.S. Office of Applied Studies, National Institute on Drug Abuse,
National Household Survey on Drug Abuse (op. cit.), Section 2.4: number of
new marijuana users in 1997 = 2.6 million, number of new cigarette in 1997
= 3.4 million.
41 U.S. Office of Applied Studies, National Institute on Drug Abuse,
National Household Survey on Drug Abuse (op. cit.), Section 2.1: College
grads = 45.6 percent, high school dropouts = 30.0 percent.
42 Ibid.
43 Ibid.
44 National Center for Health Statistics, Vital Statistics. "Homicide Rates
From the Vital Statistics."
45 Thornton, Mark. "Alcohol Prohibition Was a Failure." Policy Analysis 157
(1991), 3: per capita consumption in 1921 is approx. .2 gallons, in 1929,
approx. 1.3.
46 Office of National Drug Control Policy, National Drug Control Strategy
2001 Annual Report (op. cit.), 15: average commercial THC content in "early
1980s" = under 2 percent, 1999 commercial THC = 5.58.
47 Shenk (op. cit.); Joseph, Miriam. Ecstasy: Its History and Lore.
(London: Carlton, 2000), 19.
48 Office of National Drug Control Policy, National Drug Control Strategy
2001 Annual Report (op. cit.), 24.
49 U.S. Department of Justice, National Drug Intelligence Center, National
Drug Threat Assessment 2001 (op. cit.), 21.
50 Joseph, Miriam. Speed: Its History and Lore. (London: Carlton 2000), 22.
51 U.S. Office of Applied Studies, National Institute on Drug Abuse,
National Household Survey on Drug Abuse (op. cit.), Table G.6.
52 Joseph, Miriam. Speed (op. cit.), 10.
53 Ibid., 20.
54 U.S. Office of Applied Studies, National Institute on Drug Abuse,
National Household Survey on Drug Abuse (op. cit.), Table G.6.
55 Ibid., Table G.21.
56 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute on Drug
Abuse. NIDA Research Report: Nicotine Addiction NIH 98-4342 (Rockville, MD:
NIDA, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services).
57 Sourcebook of Criminal Justice Statistics 1999 (op. cit.), Table 3.117
58 Office of National Drug Control Policy, National Drug Control Strategy
2001 Annual Report (op. cit.), 163.
59 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute on Drug
Abuse. NIDA Research Report: Nicotine Addiction (op. cit.).
60 U.S. Office of Applied Studies, National Institute on Drug Abuse,
National Household Survey on Drug Abuse (op. cit.), Table G.11.
61 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute on Drug
Abuse. NIDA Research Report: Nicotine Addiction (op. cit.).
62 National Institute on Drug Abuse, The Economic Costs of Alcohol and Drug
Abuse in the United States 1992, Executive Summary.
63 Rydell, Peter C. & Everingham, Susan S. (op. cit.)
64 Ibid.
65 Office of National Drug Control Policy, Summary: FY 2002 National Drug
Control Budget. (op. cit.)
66 U.S. Office of Applied Studies, National Institute on Drug Abuse,
National Household Survey on Drug Abuse (op. cit.), Table G.6: number of
current users = 14,820,000; U.S. Census Bureau 2000: pop. of Colorado =
4,301,261.
67 U.S. Office of Applied Studies, National Institute on Drug Abuse,
National Household Survey on Drug Abuse (op. cit.), Table G.6: number of
lifetime users = 87,734,000; U.S. Census Bureau 2000: pop. of California =
33,871,648.
68 International Coffee Organization. "Total Production of Exporting
Members Crop Years 1995/96 to 2000/01"
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