The Politics of Pot: Article 1

Inquiring Minds Want To Know

HOW DOES POT WORK?

What makes dope so dope? Scientists around the world are searching for answers.

Cannabis research "has become a very active field," says pharmacology
expert Leslie L. Iversen, who has written a book on the subject. At the
University of Washington, for example, anesthesiology professor Dr. Ken
Mackie oversees a six-person lab where the biochemical effects of the drug
are studied. "There are maybe 50 groups in the country at work on this," he
says.

However, before you decide to switch careers, you should know that the
actual lab work involves mostly petri dish analysis of minute chemical
reactions--not dudes crashed out on sofas taking firsthand "field notes."
Still, Mackie says, "It's a very attractive field." Unlike most academics
laboring in the obscurities of neuroscience, "You can go to parties and
tell people what you do, and they're interested," he says. Mackie rarely
has trouble locating UW undergrads to help staff his lab. And he says his
clinical patients over at Harborview are always eager to volunteer when
they learn his specialty. But, he jokes, "When they find out it involves
donating a slice of their brain, they become much less interested."

Nearly 40 years ago, researchers figured out that a compound called THC was
the element of cannabis primarily responsible for marijuana's
pharmacological effects. THC is most concentrated in the plant's female
flowering heads, or buds. But how exactly does THC work? Why does it
produce munchies, red-eye, and that unique stoner mind-set known to
researchers as "fatuous euphoria"?

Some of these puzzles have begun to be solved. For instance, THC causes a
relaxation of the smooth muscles in the arteries, leading to
"vasodilatation." This effect is most readily seen in the blood vessels of
the eye, which is why workday dope smokers need Visine.

On the other hand, uncontrollable laughter remains largely a mystery. "This
effect of the drug is hard to explain," writes Iversen in his book The
Science of Marijuana (2000, Oxford University Press), "as we know so little
about the brain mechanisms involved." Ordinary laughter is, from the
biochemical/neurological point of view, still poorly understood, let alone
stoned laughter.

Nonetheless, says Dr. Iversen in an interview, "We know a whole lot more
about THC now than we did 10 years ago." The most important discovery was
of a special receptor in cells for THC, a kind of ready-made biological
slot for exactly what marijuana has to deliver. This finding established
that the drug was not just "dissolving in the membranes of brain cells in a
nonspecific sort of way," says Iversen. "There's a very specific receptor
protein."

The places in the body with THC receptors seem to correspond with the
drug's effects, though not always. "One of the key areas in the [brain's]
frontal cortex has a high density of [such] receptors," says Iversen, "and
that may have something to do with impairment in what brain scientists call
'executive' functions--short-term memory, learning, the ability to take in
information, plan ahead, make complicated future arrangements. That ties in
reasonably well with actual experience," he adds dryly.

On the other hand, there are also THC receptors in the white blood cells of
our immune system, which do not seem to have anything to do with the
experience of intoxication and whose function is "largely obscure," Iversen
says.

There are no THC receptors in the brain stem, which controls critical
functions like respiration, according to the UW's Dr. Mackie. That's partly
why you never hear of someone fatally OD'ing on pot. "THC is not wired to
be as harmful," Mackie says.

So why does marijuana seem to have such different effects on different
users? "THC may not bind as well in some people," says Mackie, "and some
people may break it down more quickly than others. That's an area that
hasn't been explored much."

As a result of these discoveries, "a lot of interesting things are coming
out from which new medical approaches may emerge," says Iversen. One
long-standing hope is that the beneficial effects of marijuana can be
isolated from the high--a separation that has so far proved impossible.
That might help assuage Republican legislators, as well as make the drug
more palatable to some patients. "These are not necessarily nice
experiences," notes Iversen. "Inexperienced users can be frightened and
anxious."

Dr. Mackie's current research is aimed at understanding how our bodies
develop tolerance. He notes that people taking the drug regularly for
medicinal purposes often have to smoke increasing amounts for the same
benefit, thereby becoming more subject to its intoxicating side effects.
"If we understand how tolerance develops, we can develop strategies to get
around that," he says.

His research protocol does not involve administering a steadily graduated
number of bong hits to journalist volunteers. Instead, he delivers minute
quantities of THC to incubated frogs' eggs, then measures the electrical
current flowing across the membranes of the cell.

Mackie gets his THC directly from the National Institute of Drug Abuse,
which has a program for supplying controlled substances to researchers. The
stuff is free, says Mackie, "so that helps the research budget." But it can
only be used for basic science in the lab, not in humans. In this country,
"all testing of medical benefits is virtually impossible," he says. "It's
much easier to do human experimentation in Europe. Most of the really
interesting trials are done there."

Scientists do not imagine that the body's THC receptors are simply waiting
for their owner to spark up a bowl; the proteins must have some other
function. It was recently discovered that the body has its own cannabislike
chemicals, analogous to THC, which occur naturally and attach to these same
cell receptors.

"What THC is doing is impacting on-- or hijacking, if you like--a natural
system that's there physiologically for some reason that we don't really
understand," says Iversen. Opiate drugs like heroin likewise have been
found to mimic naturally occurring equivalents. "It's an exactly parallel
story," says Iversen. "We start by studying a psychoactive plant-derived
drug and discover a whole regulatory system in the brain that we didn't
know existed."

The first known of these natural cannabislike compounds is called
"anandamide," from the Sanskrit word "ananda," meaning bliss. In animal
studies, Iversen says, anandamide "has essentially all of the
pharmacological and behavioral actions of THC."

Researchers have shown that anandamide, like THC, seems to prevent the
release of certain anxiety-producing chemicals in the brain. In general,
Dr. Mackie says, the body's cannabislike compounds--or
"cannabinoids"--"seem to have a function of keeping brain activity under
control when there are a lot of neurons firing." Cannabinoids inhibit the
chemical signals between nerve cells, slowing or suppressing certain kinds
of transmission.

Other research is looking at ways to subvert this effect. For example,
recent studies indicate that blocking the cannabinoid receptors in humans
can cause the anti-munchies--curbing people's appetites and helping them
lose weight (a finding that, of course, has the big drug companies
salivating). Dr. Mackie says these test subjects show "decreased intake of
sugary, fattening foods."

The study perhaps points toward at least one ultimate purpose for the
cannabinoid system: to gear us up for pleasurable sensations. As Mackie
suggests: "Maybe they serve a role in general hedonic-type responses."

In other words, forget what Momma says; your endogenous cannabinoids want
to party.