EMBRACED BY THE NEEDLE

Drugs Don't Cause Substance Abuse, Emotional Pain Does, Says Gabor Mate,
Who Works With Addicts

Addictions always originate in unhappiness, even if hidden.

They are emotional anesthetics; they numb pain. The first question --
always -- is not "Why the addiction?" but "Why the pain?" The answer, ever
the same, is scrawled with crude eloquence on the wall of my patient Anna's
room at the Portland Hotel in the heart of Vancouver's Downtown Eastside:
"Any place I went to, I wasn't wanted.

And that bites large."

The Downtown Eastside is considered to be Canada's drug capital, with an
addict population of 3,000 to 5,000 individuals. I am staff physician at
the Portland, a non-profit, harm-reduction facility where most of the
clients are addicted to cocaine, to alcohol, to opiates like heroin, or to
tranquilizers -- or to any combination of these things.

Many also suffer from mental illness.

Like Anna, a 32-year-old poet, many are HIV positive or have full-blown
AIDS. The methadone I prescribe for their opiate dependence does little for
the emotional anguish compressed in every heartbeat of these driven souls.

Methadone staves off the torment of opiate withdrawal, but, unlike heroin,
it does not create a "high" for regular users.

The essence of that high was best expressed by a 27-year-old sex-trade
worker. "The first time I did heroin," she said, "it felt like a warm, soft
hug." In a phrase, she summed up the psychological and chemical cravings
that make some people vulnerable to substance dependence.

No drug is, in itself, addictive.

Only about 8 per cent to 15 per cent of people who try, say alcohol or
marijuana, go on to addictive use. What makes them vulnerable? Neither
physiological predispositions nor individual moral failures explain drug
addictions. Chemical and emotional vulnerability are the products of life
experience, according to current brain research and developmental psychology.

Most human-brain growth occurs following birth; physical and emotional
interactions determine much of our brain development. Each brain's
circuitry and chemistry reflects individual life experiences as much as
inherited tendencies.

For any drug to work in the brain, the nerve cells have to have receptors
- -- sites where the drug can bind. We have opiate receptors because our
brain has natural opiate-like substances, called endorphins, chemicals that
participate in many functions, including the regulation of pain and mood.
Similarly, tranquilizers of the benzodiazepine class, such as Valium, exert
their effect at the brain's natural benzodiazepine receptors.

Infant rats who get less grooming from their mothers have fewer natural
benzo receptors in the part of the brain that controls anxiety.

Brains of infant monkeys separated from their mothers for only a few days
are measurably deficient in the key neurochemical, dopamine.

It is the same with human beings.

Endorphins are released in the infant's brain when there are warm,
non-stressed, calm interactions with the parenting figures.

Endorphins, in turn, promote the growth of receptors and nerve cells, and
the discharge of other important brain chemicals. The fewer
endorphin-enhancing experiences in infancy and early childhood, the greater
the need for external sources.

Hence, the greater vulnerability to addictions.

Distinguishing skid row addicts is the extreme degree of stress they had to
endure early in life. Almost all women now inhabiting Canada's addiction
capital suffered sexual assaults in childhood, as did many of the males.

Childhood memories of serial abandonment or severe physical and
psychological abuse are common. The histories of my Portland patients tell
of pain upon pain.

Carl, a 36-year-old native, was banished from one foster home after
another, had dishwashing liquid poured down his throat for using foul
language at age 5, and was tied to a chair in a dark room to control his
hyperactivity. When angry at himself -- as he was recently, for using
cocaine -- he gouges his foot with a knife as punishment. His facial
expression was that of a terrorized urchin who had just broken some family
law and feared draconian retribution. I reassured him I wasn't his foster
parent, and that he didn't owe it to me not to screw up.

But what of families where there was not abuse, but love, where parents did
their best to provide their children with a secure, nurturing home? One
also sees addictions arising in such families. The unseen factor here is
the stress the parents themselves lived under, even if they did not
recognize it. That stress could come from relationship problems, or from
outside circumstances such as economic pressure or political disruption.
The most frequent source of hidden stress is the parents' own childhood
histories that saddled them with emotional baggage they had never become
conscious of. What we are not aware of in ourselves, we pass on to our
children.

Stressed, anxious, or depressed parents have great difficulty initiating
enough of those emotionally rewarding, endorphin-liberating interactions
with their children.

Later in life such children may experience a hit of heroin as the "warm,
soft hug" my patient described: What they didn't get enough of before, they
can now inject.

Feeling alone, feeling there has never been anyone with whom to share their
deepest emotions, is universal among drug addicts.

That is what Anna had lamented on her wall. No matter how much love a
parent has, the child does not experience being wanted unless he or she is
made absolutely safe to express exactly how unhappy, or angry, or
hate-filled he or she may at times feel. The sense of unconditional love,
of being fully accepted even when most ornery, is what no addict ever
experienced in childhood -- often not because the parents did not have it
to give, simply because they did not know how to transmit it to the child.

Addicts rarely make the connection between troubled childhood experiences
and self-harming habits.

They blame themselves -- and that is the greatest wound of all, being cut
off from their natural self-compassion. "I was hit a lot," 40-year-old
Wayne says, "but I asked for it. Then I made some stupid decisions." And
would he hit a child, no matter how much that child "asked for it"? Would
he blame that child for "stupid decisions"?

Wayne looks away. "I don't want to talk about that crap," says this tough
man, who has worked on oil rigs and construction sites and served 15 years
in jail for robbery.

He looks away and wipes tears from his eyes.